Strong G3588ὁ
the/this/who
- Transliteration
- ho hē to
- Pronunciation
- ho hay to
- Morphology
- Greek Article
Definition
The masculine feminine (second) and neuter (third) forms in all their inflections; the definite article;
the (sometimes to be supplied at others omitted in English idiom): - the this that one he she it etc.
the (sometimes to be supplied at others omitted in English idiom): - the this that one he she it etc.
Detailed definition
ὁ, ἡ, τό,
the prepositive article (ἄρθρον προτακτικόν), originally a demonstr. pron. (so usually in Hom.), in general corresponding to the Eng. definite article.
I. As demonstr. pron.
1. As frequently in Hom., absol., he (she, it), his (etc.): Act.17:28 (quoted from the poet Aratus).
2. Distributive, ὁ μὲν... ὁ δέ, the one... the other: 1Co.7:7, Gal.4:22; pl., Act.14:4, 17:32, Php.1:16, al.; οἱ μὲν... ἄλλοι δέ, Mat.16:14, Jhn.7:12; οἱ μεν̀... ὁδέ, Heb.7:21, 23.
3. In narration (without ὁ μὲν preceding), ὁ δέ, but he: Mat.2:14, Mrk.1:45, Luk.8:21, Jhn.9:38, al. mult.
II. As prepositive article, the, prefixed,
1. to nouns unmodified: ὁ θεός, τὸ φῶς, etc.; to abstract nouns, ἡ σοφία, etc., to pl. nouns which indicate a class, οἱ ἀλώπεκες, foxes, Mat.8:20, al.; to an individual as representing a class, ὁ ἐργάτης, Luk.10:7; with nom. = voc. in addresses, Mat.11:26, Jhn.19:3, Jas.5:1, al.; to things which pertain to one, ἡ χεῖρ, his hand, Mrk.3:1; to names of persons well known or already mentioned; usually to names of countries (originally adjectives), ἡ Ἰουδαία, etc.
2. To modified nouns: with of person(s) pron. genitive, μοῦ, σοῦ, etc.; with poss. pron., ἐμός, σός, etc.; with adj. between the art. and the noun, ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος, Mat.12:35; the noun foll, by adj., both with art., ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός, Jhn.10:11 (on ὁ ὄχλος πολύς, Jhn.12:9, see M, Pr., 84); before adjectival phrases, ἡ κατ᾽ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις, Rom.9:11.
3. To Other parts of speech used as substantives;
__(a) neuter adjectives: τ. ἀγαθόν, etc.;
__(b) cardinal numerals: ὁ εἶς, οἷ δύο, etc.;
__(with) participles: ὁ βαπτίζων (= ὁ Βαπτιστής, Mat.14:2), Mrk.6:14; πᾶς ὁ, with ptcp., every one who, etc.;
__(d) adverbs: τὸ πέραν, τὰ νῦν, ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος;
__(e) infinitives: nom., τὸ θέλειν, Rom.7:18, al.; genitive, τοῦ, after adjectives, ἄξιον τοῦ πορεύεσθαι, 1Co.16:4; verbs, ἐλαχεν τοῦ θυμιᾶσαι, Luk.1:9; and frequently in a final sense, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ σπείρειν, Mat.13:3 (on the artic. inf., see Bl., §71).
4. In the neut. to sentences, phrases or single words treated as a quotation: τὸ Ἐι δύνῃ, Mrk.9:23; τὸ ἔτι ἅπαξ, Heb.12:27; τὸ ἀνέβη, Eph.4:9, al.
5. To prepositional phrases: οἱ ἀπὸ Ἰταλίας, Heb.13:24; οἱ ἐκ νόμου, Rom.4:14; neut. accusative absol., in adverbial phrases, τὸ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν, daily, Luk.11:3; τὸ κατὰ σάρκα, as regards the flesh, Rom.9:5.
6. To nouns in the genitive, denoting kinship, association, etc.: ὁ τοῦ, the son of (unless context indicates a different relationship), Mat.10:2, al.; τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, the things that pertain to God, Mat.16:23; τὰ τῆς εἰρήνης, Rom.14:19 (cf. M, Pr., 81ff.; Bl, §§46, 47).
(AS)
the prepositive article (ἄρθρον προτακτικόν), originally a demonstr. pron. (so usually in Hom.), in general corresponding to the Eng. definite article.
I. As demonstr. pron.
1. As frequently in Hom., absol., he (she, it), his (etc.): Act.17:28 (quoted from the poet Aratus).
2. Distributive, ὁ μὲν... ὁ δέ, the one... the other: 1Co.7:7, Gal.4:22; pl., Act.14:4, 17:32, Php.1:16, al.; οἱ μὲν... ἄλλοι δέ, Mat.16:14, Jhn.7:12; οἱ μεν̀... ὁδέ, Heb.7:21, 23.
3. In narration (without ὁ μὲν preceding), ὁ δέ, but he: Mat.2:14, Mrk.1:45, Luk.8:21, Jhn.9:38, al. mult.
II. As prepositive article, the, prefixed,
1. to nouns unmodified: ὁ θεός, τὸ φῶς, etc.; to abstract nouns, ἡ σοφία, etc., to pl. nouns which indicate a class, οἱ ἀλώπεκες, foxes, Mat.8:20, al.; to an individual as representing a class, ὁ ἐργάτης, Luk.10:7; with nom. = voc. in addresses, Mat.11:26, Jhn.19:3, Jas.5:1, al.; to things which pertain to one, ἡ χεῖρ, his hand, Mrk.3:1; to names of persons well known or already mentioned; usually to names of countries (originally adjectives), ἡ Ἰουδαία, etc.
2. To modified nouns: with of person(s) pron. genitive, μοῦ, σοῦ, etc.; with poss. pron., ἐμός, σός, etc.; with adj. between the art. and the noun, ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος, Mat.12:35; the noun foll, by adj., both with art., ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός, Jhn.10:11 (on ὁ ὄχλος πολύς, Jhn.12:9, see M, Pr., 84); before adjectival phrases, ἡ κατ᾽ ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις, Rom.9:11.
3. To Other parts of speech used as substantives;
__(a) neuter adjectives: τ. ἀγαθόν, etc.;
__(b) cardinal numerals: ὁ εἶς, οἷ δύο, etc.;
__(with) participles: ὁ βαπτίζων (= ὁ Βαπτιστής, Mat.14:2), Mrk.6:14; πᾶς ὁ, with ptcp., every one who, etc.;
__(d) adverbs: τὸ πέραν, τὰ νῦν, ὁ ἔσω ἄνθρωπος;
__(e) infinitives: nom., τὸ θέλειν, Rom.7:18, al.; genitive, τοῦ, after adjectives, ἄξιον τοῦ πορεύεσθαι, 1Co.16:4; verbs, ἐλαχεν τοῦ θυμιᾶσαι, Luk.1:9; and frequently in a final sense, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ σπείρειν, Mat.13:3 (on the artic. inf., see Bl., §71).
4. In the neut. to sentences, phrases or single words treated as a quotation: τὸ Ἐι δύνῃ, Mrk.9:23; τὸ ἔτι ἅπαξ, Heb.12:27; τὸ ἀνέβη, Eph.4:9, al.
5. To prepositional phrases: οἱ ἀπὸ Ἰταλίας, Heb.13:24; οἱ ἐκ νόμου, Rom.4:14; neut. accusative absol., in adverbial phrases, τὸ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν, daily, Luk.11:3; τὸ κατὰ σάρκα, as regards the flesh, Rom.9:5.
6. To nouns in the genitive, denoting kinship, association, etc.: ὁ τοῦ, the son of (unless context indicates a different relationship), Mat.10:2, al.; τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ, the things that pertain to God, Mat.16:23; τὰ τῆς εἰρήνης, Rom.14:19 (cf. M, Pr., 81ff.; Bl, §§46, 47).
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G3588 appears in 7,052 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- god939
- jesus507
- lord338
- man279
- father263
- son215
- disciple213
- heaven191
- be190
- people180
- which175
- word174
First verses
- Matthew 1:2Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren;
- Matthew 1:3And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar; and Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram;
- Matthew 1:4And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon;
- Matthew 1:5And Salmon begat Booz of Rachab; and Booz begat Obed of Ruth; and Obed begat Jesse;
- Matthew 1:6And Jesse begat David the king; and David the king begat Solomon of her that had been the wife of Urias;
- Matthew 1:7And Solomon begat Roboam; and Roboam begat Abia; and Abia begat Asa;
- Matthew 1:8And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias;
- Matthew 1:9And Ozias begat Joatham; and Joatham begat Achaz; and Achaz begat Ezekias;
- Matthew 1:10And Ezekias begat Manasses; and Manasses begat Amon; and Amon begat Josias;
- Matthew 1:11And Josias begat Jechonias and his brethren, about the time they were carried away to Babylon:
- Matthew 1:12And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zorobabel;
- Matthew 1:13And Zorobabel begat Abiud; and Abiud begat Eliakim; and Eliakim begat Azor;
- Matthew 1:14And Azor begat Sadoc; and Sadoc begat Achim; and Achim begat Eliud;
- Matthew 1:15And Eliud begat Eleazar; and Eleazar begat Matthan; and Matthan begat Jacob;
- Matthew 1:16And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ.
- Matthew 1:17So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; and from David until the carrying away into Babylon are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon unto Christ are fourteen generations.
- Matthew 1:18Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost.
- Matthew 1:19Then Joseph her husband, being a just man, and not willing to make her a publick example, was minded to put her away privily.
- Matthew 1:20But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost.
- Matthew 1:21And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save his people from their sins.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Same identity
Detailed Greek dictionary
ὁ,
ἡ, τό, is, when thus written,
A demonstrative Pronoun.
B in Attic dialect, definite or prepositive Article.
C in Epic dialect, the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nominative masculine and feminine singular and plural, ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codices and most printed books, except when used as the relative; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, α; the nominative forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Pronominibus;” 8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς))] in Aeolic dialect accusative to [Refs 8th c.BC+ (3rd-2nd c.BC: Aristarchus Grammaticus cited in 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Syntaxi;” 51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not 5th c.AD: Cypria, compare “Inscription Cyprian dialect” 135.30H., nor Cretan dialect, compare “Leg.Gort.” 5.28, nor Lesbian, compare 7th-6th c.BC: Alcaeus Lyricus 81, 7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica “Papyrus fragments” in E. Diehl, 5.1) and 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus): other Homeric forms are _genitive_ _sing._ τοῖο,)] genitive and dative dual τοῖιν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.34, +others: _genitive_ _plural_ _feminine_ τάων [ᾱ], _dative_ τοῖσι, τῇς and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖς in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)]— In Doric dialect and all other dialects except Attic dialect and Ionic dialect the feminine forms preserve the old ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence Doric dialect etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶ; the genitive plural τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶ; the genitive singular is in many places τῶ, accusative plural τώς, but Cretan dialect, etc., τόνς [Refs ((“Leg.Gort.” 7.7, +others) or τός ([prev. work]3.50, +others))]; in Lesbian Aeolic dialect the accusative plural forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, [Refs (“IG” 12(2).645 A 13, B 62)]; dative plural τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, see above), [Refs ([prev. work]645 A 8, [prev. work]1.6)]; ταῖσι as demonstrative, [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica 16. The _Attic dialect_)] Poets also used the Ionic dialect and _Epic dialect_ forms τοῖσι, ταῖσ; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν.., τοὶ δέ.., for οἱ μέν.., οἱ δέ.., not only in Lyric poetry, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 584, “Th.” 295, 298; οἱ μέν.. τοὶ δ᾽ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1404 (_anapaest meter_))]; but even in a trimeter, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 424. In _Attic dialect_ the dual has usually only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.113)] {ὅ}; τὼ πόλεε Foed. cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.23; τὼ ἡμέρα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.2.11; τὼ χεῖρε [prev. author] “Mem.” 2.3.18; τοῖν χεροῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 155e; τοῖν γενεσέοιν [prev. author] “Phd.” 71e; τοῖν πολέοιν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.75 (τά 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 769, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 424, 484, ταῖν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 19.17, 4th c.BC: Isaeus Orator 5.16, etc. have been corrected))]; in [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD(?): Arcadius Grammaticus the form τοῖς)] functions as genitive dual feminine, μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Schwyzer” 664.8 (Orchom., 4th c.BC):)] —in Elean and _Boeotian dialect_ ὁ, ἡ (ἁ), τό, with the addition of -ί, ={ὅδε}, ἥδε, τόδε, _nominative_ _plural_ _masculine_ τυΐ the following men, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“Schwyzer” 485.14 (Thespiae, 3rd c.BC), +others, compare infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ,)] cf. Sanskrit demonstrative pronoun sa, sā, Gothic sa, sō, ONorse sá, sú, Old Latin accusative sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from *τόδ] cf. Sanskrit tat (tad), Latin is-tud, Gothic pata: —with τοί cf. Sanskrit te, Lithuanian tĩe, O[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus)] pá, etc.:—with τάων cf. Sanskrit tāsām, Latin is-tarum:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (which see) is different.)
A ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, that, the oldest and in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] the commonest sense: frequently also in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus (1.86, 5.35, +others))], and sometimes in Trag. (mostly in Lyric poetry, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 1047, etc.; in trimeters, [prev. author] “Th.” 197, “Ag.” 7, “Eu.” 174)]; τῶν γάρ.., τῆς γάρ.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Supp.” 358, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1082)]; seldom in Attic dialect Prose, except in special phrases, see infr. VI, VII):
A.I joined with a substantive, to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης he—Tydeus' famous son, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.660)]; τὸν Χρύσην that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with appellative, Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.—thataged man, [Refs (7.324)]; αἰετοῦ.. τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle, that which is called hunter, [Refs (21.252, +others)]; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour, namely that of Priam, [Refs (20.181)]; οἴχετ᾽ ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone, and he the best, [Refs (11.288, compare 13.433, +others: sometimes with words between the _pronoun_ and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186, compare 703, +others)]:—different from this are cases [Refs 8th c.BC+ (like 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ᾽ ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς)] if he would help the Trojans, but drive those back to the ships—I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, compare [Refs (1.472, 4.20, 329, +others)]
A.II frequently without a substantive, he, she, it, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.12, +others)]
A.III placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest, above those to wit who, etc., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.172)]; οἷ᾽ οὔ πώ τιν᾽ ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν.. Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, those women to wit who.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.119, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.332; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 21.43, compare 1.116, 10.74:)] —for the _Attic dialect_ usage see below
A.IV before a Possessive pronoun its demonstrative force is sometimes very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος that spirit of thine, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.407, compare 11.608; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewhere it is merely the _Article_)]
A.V for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, see below [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus [near the start])]
A.VI ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.. without a substantive, in all cases, genders, and numbers, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc.: sometimes in Opposition, where ὁ μέν)] properly refers to the former, ὁ δέ to the latter; more rarely ὁ μέν the latter, ὁ δέ the former, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 359e, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.32,34)]: sometimes in Partition, the one.., the other.., etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in genitive plural, being divided by the ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.., into parts, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.., τῶν δ᾽ αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.595; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 338d, etc.)]: but frequently the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.28, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.73, etc.)]: so in Trag. and Attic dialect, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 22, etc.; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 255c)]; if the Noun be collective, it is in the genitive singular, ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 42.6: sometimes a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν or ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ᾽ Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος.., Μάρις δὲ.. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.317 - 19, compare 116; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.102, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 501a, etc.)]
A.VI.2 when a negative accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 24; τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ᾽ οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 475b; οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ᾽ οὔ· οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ᾽ οὔ [prev. author] “Cri.” 47a, etc.)]
A.VI.3 ὁ μέν τις.., ὁ δέ τις.. is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν.., ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.41; νόμους.. τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 339c, compare “Phlb.” 13c.)]
A.VI.4 on τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., or τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., [Refs (see infr. VIII. 4.)]
A.VI.5 ὁ μέν is frequently used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ᾽ ἐσκίδναντο.., Μυρμιδόνας δ᾽ οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.3, compare 24.722, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.12, etc.: also followed by ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ᾽ ἐκέλευε.., ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 7.304)]; by ἄλλος δέ, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.147, etc.; τὸν μὲν.., ἕτερον δέ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 843, etc.; ὁ μέν.., ὃς δέ.. 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 205 (variant{οὐδέ}): less frequently ὁ δέ in the latter clause without ὁ μέν preceding, τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ᾽ ὄπισθε διώκων (for ὁ μὲν φεύγων) 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.157; σφραγῖδε.. χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ᾽ ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν “IG” 22.1388.45, compare μέν 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator III; γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 369d, compare “Tht.” 181d.)]
A.VI.6 ὁ δέ following μέν sometimes refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ᾽, ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον.. βεβλήκει [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.491; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.3, compare 1.66, 6.9, 133, 7.6)]: rare in Attic dialect Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.87; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ᾽ οὐ κατεῖχον 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.2.6: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, see below 7; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, see at {ὅ γε} 11.)]
A.VI.7 ὁ δέ is frequently used simply in continuing a narrative, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.43, etc.)]; also used by [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus in apodosi after a _relative_, see at {ὅδε} III.3.)]
A.VI.8 the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and δέ, οὔθ᾽ ὁ.. οὔθ᾽ ὁ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.417; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 439; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 701e.)]
A.VII the following usages prevailed in Attic dialect Prose,
A.VII.1 in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nominative singular masculine καὶ ὅ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Article were used (see. ὅς [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus)] II.I and cf. Sanskrit sas, alternatative form of sa); so, in accusative, καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 174a, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.3.9, etc.; also in 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus, καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61, +others)]
A.VII.2 ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 721b)]: but mostly in accusative, καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.23, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 784d; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.141, compare 9.68; τὸ καὶ τό [prev. author] 18.243)]; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be so and so, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Rhetorica” 1401a4, compare 1413a22)]; but τὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another, of good and bad, τὸν δ᾽ ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 398, compare 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 5.55, 7.20, +others; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν [prev. author] “O.” 2.53)]; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ διαίτης ὀξέων” 46; compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus VI.8.)]
A.VIII absolutely usages of single cases,
A.VIII.1 feminine dative τῇ, of Place, there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.752, 858, +others: followed by ᾗ, 13.52)], etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Respublica Atheniensium” 2.12.)]
A.VIII.1.b with a notion of motion towards, that way, in that direction, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.531, 11.149, 12.124; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ.. 15.46; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 210:)] —only poetry
A.VIII.1.c of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν in this way, thus, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.510.)]
A.VIII.1.d repeated, τῇ μέν.., τῇ δέ.., in one way.., in another.., or partly.., partly.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 356, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 211a, etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ᾽ ἧσσον 4th-5th c.BC: Parmenides Poeta Philosophus 8.48.)]
A.VIII.1.e relative, where, by which way, only Epic dialect, as [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 12.118, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.229.)]
A.VIII.2 neuter dative τῷ, therefore, on this account, frequently in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.418, 2.254, +others (see. below): also in Trag., 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 239, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 510 (Lyric poetry); in Prose, τῷ τοι.. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 179d, “Sph.” 230b.)]
A.VIII.2.b thus, so, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, especially when εἰ)] precedes, be translated, then, if this be so, on this condition, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.239, 3.224, 258, +others, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 29.11.—In 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus the true form is probably τῶ, as in codex A, or τώ,compare 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Adverbiis;” 199.2.)]
A.VIII.3 neuter accusative τό, wherefore, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.176, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.332, +others, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 142 (Lyric poetry))]; also τὸ δέ absolutely, but the fact is.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 23a, “Men.” 97c, “Phd.” 109d, “Tht.” 157b, “R.” 340d, “Lg.” 967a)]; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (compare above[Refs 5th c.BC+ (VI. 6), τὸ δ᾽ ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ.. ἐπετήδευσαν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.37; τὸ δὲ.. ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται [prev. author] 2.89)]; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Nicolaus Damascenus Historicus 58J.)]
A.VIII.4 τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., partly.., partly.., or on the one hand.., on the other.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.36, etc., compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.46)]; more frequently τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.173, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 534, etc.; also τὰ μέν τι.., τὰ δέ τι.. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.1.14; τὸ μέν τι.., τὸ δέ τι.. 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Macr.” 14; τὰ μέν.., τὸ δὲ πλέον.. 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.90: sometimes without τὸ μέν..)] in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι [Refs ([prev. author] 1.107, 7.48: rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ.., τέλος δέ)] several times.. and finally, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.85.)]
A.VIII.5 of Time, sometimes that time, sometimes this (present) time, συνμαχία κ᾽ ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (“SIG” 9.3 (Olympia, 6th c.BC): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, _Epic dialect_ τοῖο,)] from that time, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.493, 15.601.)]
A.VIII.5.b πρὸ τοῦ, sometimes written προτοῦ, before this, aforetime, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.103, 122, 5.55, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1204, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 5, etc.; ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.32, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 462; τὸ πρὸ τοῦ 1st c.BC: Diodorus Siculus Historicus 20.59.)]
A.VIII.5.c in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed yesterday (literal before this [day]), and to-day's, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“IG” 9(2).517.43 (Larissa, 3rd c.BC).)]
A.VIII.6 ἐν τοῖς is frequently used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a most marvellous thing, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.137)]; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the very first, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.6, etc.)]; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος (πρώτοις codices) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pherecrates Comicus 145.4)]; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first of all, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Aristides Rhetor “Orationes” 43(1).16, compare 37(2).2: when used with _feminine_ Nouns, ἐν τοῖς remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες)] the greatest number of ships, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (i.e. ἡ στάσις) [prev. work] 82)]: also with adverbs, ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 8.90, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Crito” 52a, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.74e, 421d, 723e, “Brut.” 6, 11, +others, 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 1.16.3, etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.364c)]: in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον [Refs 1st c.BC+ (2nd c.AD: Aristides Rhetor “Orationes” 48(24).47 codices; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ 1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis 1.19, compare 66 (ἐν ταῖς πάνυ _falsa lectio_ 4.14, 15).)]
B ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, the, to specify individuals: rare in this signification in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] the demonstrative force can generally be traced, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (see above 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus)] I, but the definite Article must be recognized in places [Refs 8th c.BC+ (like 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.167, 7.412, 9.309, 12.289, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 19.372)]: also when joined to an adjective to make it a substantive, αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον the hindmost man, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.178; τὸν ἄριστον 17.80; τὸν δύστηνον 22.59; τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325; τῷ πρώτῳ.., τῷ δευτέρῳ.., etc., [prev. work] 265s q)].; also in τῶν ἄλλων [Refs (2.674, +others: with Advs., τὸ πρίν 24.543, +others; τὸ πάρος περ 17.720; τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583)]; also τὸ τρίτον[Refs ([prev. work] 733; τὰ πρῶτα 1.6, +others)]; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for the rest,[Refs (23.454; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559.)]—The true Article, however, is first fully established in 5th C Attic dialect, whilst the demonstrative usage disappears, except in a few cases, V. [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus VI-VIII.)] —Chief usages, especially in _Attic dialect_
B.I not only with common Appellats., adjectives, and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also frequently where we use the Possessive pronoun, τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 5)]; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην my head was broken, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.61, etc.)]; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make our friends, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 190)]; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding their cities, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.12; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 372b.)]
B.I.b omitted with proper nounsand frequently with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, see at {θεός} [Refs (I.1, βασιλεύς)] III; ἐμ πόλει in the Acropolis, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“IG” 12.4.1, +others: but added to proper nouns, when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus (3.70) speaks first of Πειθίας and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.)]; compare Θράσυλος in [Refs ([prev. author] 8.104, with ὁ Θ. [prev. work] 105)]; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever this Zeus is, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 480)]; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with proper nouns, save to give peculiar emphasis, like Latin ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 729, “El.” 35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a _proper name_ is different, see A.I).)]
B.I.c Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in [Refs (“SE” 183b7, “PA” 642a28, +others, but ὁ Σωκράτης)] when he means the Platonic Socrates, as [Refs (“Pol.” 1261a6, +others: so with other proper nouns, “EN” 1145a21, 1146a21, +others)]
B.I.d for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., see at {καί} [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 2.)]
B.I.2 in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν.. λεύσσει [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.109; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.242, etc.)]
B.I.2.b frequently with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.45, etc.)]
B.I.3 of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, see at {γεωγράφος}, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.
B.I.4 with infinitives, which thereby become Substantives, τὸ εἴργειν prevention, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 505b)]; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1348 (_anapaest meter_), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the _Article_ and the)]infinitive, τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι the existence of gods, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 62b)]; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the fact or statement that no one is happy, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.86.)]
B.I.5 in neuter before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος the word or notion man; τὸ λέγω the word λέγ; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 265 (Lyric poetry))]; τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 72e: and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα.. περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν)] the opinion about the question 'who ought to rule', [Refs ([prev. author] “R.” 431e)]; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ᾽ ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase 'I will give back, if.. ', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.1.21, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 327c, etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 23.148)]; τὸ ὀλίγοι the term few, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1283b11.)]
B.I.6 before relative clauses, when the Article serves to combine the whole relative clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι the harshness you speak of, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 435a)]; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν.., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Criti.” 115b; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν.. ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν [prev. author] “R.” 469b; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται [prev. author] “Prt.” 320d, compare 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Lycophrone” 2; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Metaphysica” 987a8; τὸν ὃς ἔφη 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 23.8: hence the _relative_, by attraction, frequently follows the case of the _Article_, τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 2.3.25, etc.)]
B.I.7 before Prons.,
B.I.7.a before the person Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in accusative, τὸν ἐμέ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 166a, “Phlb.” 20b)]; τὸν.. σὲ καὶ ἐμέ[Refs ([prev. work] 59b; τὸν αὑτόν [prev. author] “Phdr.” 258a; on ὁ αὐτός, see at {αὐτός} 111.)]
B.I.7.b before the interrogative pronoun (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 251, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 696; also τὰ τ; because οἷα went before, [prev. work] 693. Of τίς only the _neuter_ is thus used (see.above): ποῖος is thus used not only in _neuter_ _plural_, τὰ ποῖ; 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 707; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖο; [prev. work] 1704)]; τῆς ποίας μερίδο; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.64)]; τοῖς ποίοις..; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 227b1.)]
B.I.7.c with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Article either makes the pronoun into a substantive, ὁ τοιοῦτος that sort of person, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 4.2.21, etc.)]; or subjoins it to a substantive which already has an Article, τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 41.13.)]
B.I.8 before ἅπας, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.69, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.64, 7.153 (assuming variant), 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1224 (Lyric poetry), 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.231, etc.)]; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1287b8, 1288a19: on its usage with ἕκαστος,)] see entry; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., see at {ἄλλος} [Refs (11.6, πολύς 11.3, etc.)]
B.I.9 the Article with the comparative is rare, if ἤ follows, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 313, “OC” 796.)]
B.II elliptic expressions:
B.II.1 before the genitive of a proper name, to express descent, son or daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (i.e. υἱός) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.104)]; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (i.e. θυγάτηρ) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 470)]: also to denote other relationships, e.g. brother, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 32.24, 4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 2.2.10)]; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M.the wife of [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ecclesiazusae” 46)]; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his men, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.2.15)]; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slave of [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus, 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ χυμῶν” 20.)]
B.II.2 generally, before a genitive it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter of the ships, the affair of the Hermae, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.23, 6.60)]; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote the interests of Arrhibaeus, [Refs ([prev. author] 4.83, compare 6.89, etc.)]; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, [Refs ([prev. author] 4.18)]; τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events, [Refs ([prev. work] 55)]; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of the rites due to the dead befits the living, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 78 (Lyric poetry))]; τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destined by the gods, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 498 (Lyric poetry): hence with _neuter_ of Possessive _pronoun_, τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν,)] what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 124, “El.” 251, etc.)]: and with genitive of [Refs 5th c.BC+ (3 _person_, τὸ τῆσδε 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 48. But τό τινος)] is frequently also, a man's word or saying, as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.86)]; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου as Homer says, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 183e)]; also τά τινος so-and-so's house, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1432, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 54.7, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 2.76, 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 5.52, NT.Luke.2.49.)]
B.II.3 very frequently with cases governed by Preps.. αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες the ships from Zacynthus, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.13; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, see at {ἀμφί} with 1.3, περί with 1.2)]; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης the Thrace-ward district, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.59, +others)]; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matters on deck, [Refs ([prev. author] 7.70)]; τὰ ἀπ᾽ Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposals of Alcibiades, [Refs ([prev. author] 8.48)]; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidents of fortune, [Refs ([prev. author] 2.87, etc.)]
B.II.4 on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., see at {μά} IV.
B.II.5 in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (i.e. ὁδόν) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Lysis” 203a; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (i.e. στολή, δέσις), see at {θάνατος}; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (i.e. γνώμην), see at {ἐμός} II.4)]; ἡ αὔριον (i.e. ἡμέρα), see at {αὔριον}; ἡ Λυδιστί (i.e. ἁρμονία) [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1342b32, etc.: frequently with Advs., which thus take an adjective sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν)]; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.52; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (i.e. ἄνθρωποι), [prev. work] 9, 10)], etc.; but τό stands absolutely with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a substantive, as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 266, compare [315] (Lyric poetry))]; ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Or.” 1412 (Lyric poetry): rarely _absolutely_ in _genitive_, ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.3.1; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 731.)]
C as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects; both in nominative singular masculine ὅ, as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.262, compare 1.300, +others; Ἔρως, ὃ κατ᾽ ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 526 (Lyric poetry); Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 15.86)]; ὃ ἐξορύξη he who banishes him, [Refs (“Schwyzer” 679.12,25 (from Cyprus))]; and in the forms beginning with τ, especially in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.160, +others), 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.7, +others)]: also in Ionic dialect Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαι [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th c.BC: Archilochus Lyricus 87.3, compare 7th-6th c.BC(?): Semonides Iambographus 7.3, 6th c.BC: Anacreon Lyricus 86 (probably), 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 2.64, +others: frequently in Trag., τῆς 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1258, “Tr.” 381, 728, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 883 (_anapaest meter_); τῷ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 14; τήν [prev. author] “OC” 747, “Tr.” 47, “El.” 1144)]; τό [Refs ([prev. author] “OT” 1427)]; τῶν[Refs ([prev. work] 1379, “Ant.” 1086.)]—Never in Comedy texts or Attic dialect Prose:—Epic dialect genitive singular τεῦ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.192 (assuming variant).)]
D CRASIS OF ARTICLE:
D.a Attic dialect ὁ, ἡ, τό, with ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιο; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθ; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντο; but ἅτερος, θάτερον ([musical notation]), Ionic dialect οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (see. ἕτερος), Attic dialect feminine ἡτέρα, dative θητέρᾳ (see. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (frequently written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Papyrus); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί=αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ.
D.b other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., Doric dialect ὡξ from ὁ ἐξ [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 1.65, ὥλαφος from ὁ ἔλαφος [prev. work] 135)]; Ionic dialect ᾡσυμνήτης from ὁ αἰς-[Refs 5th c.BC+ (“SIG” 57.45 (Milet., 5th c.BC))]; ὡυτή from ἡ αὐτή [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 60, etc.)]
ἡ, τό, is, when thus written,
A demonstrative Pronoun.
B in Attic dialect, definite or prepositive Article.
C in Epic dialect, the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.—The nominative masculine and feminine singular and plural, ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codices and most printed books, except when used as the relative; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, α; the nominative forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Pronominibus;” 8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖς were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶς))] in Aeolic dialect accusative to [Refs 8th c.BC+ (3rd-2nd c.BC: Aristarchus Grammaticus cited in 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Syntaxi;” 51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not 5th c.AD: Cypria, compare “Inscription Cyprian dialect” 135.30H., nor Cretan dialect, compare “Leg.Gort.” 5.28, nor Lesbian, compare 7th-6th c.BC: Alcaeus Lyricus 81, 7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica “Papyrus fragments” in E. Diehl, 5.1) and 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus): other Homeric forms are _genitive_ _sing._ τοῖο,)] genitive and dative dual τοῖιν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.34, +others: _genitive_ _plural_ _feminine_ τάων [ᾱ], _dative_ τοῖσι, τῇς and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖς in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)]— In Doric dialect and all other dialects except Attic dialect and Ionic dialect the feminine forms preserve the old ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence Doric dialect etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶ; the genitive plural τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶ; the genitive singular is in many places τῶ, accusative plural τώς, but Cretan dialect, etc., τόνς [Refs ((“Leg.Gort.” 7.7, +others) or τός ([prev. work]3.50, +others))]; in Lesbian Aeolic dialect the accusative plural forms are τοὶς, ταὶς, [Refs (“IG” 12(2).645 A 13, B 62)]; dative plural τοῖς, ταῖς (or τοὶς, ταὶς, see above), [Refs ([prev. work]645 A 8, [prev. work]1.6)]; ταῖσι as demonstrative, [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica 16. The _Attic dialect_)] Poets also used the Ionic dialect and _Epic dialect_ forms τοῖσι, ταῖσ; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν.., τοὶ δέ.., for οἱ μέν.., οἱ δέ.., not only in Lyric poetry, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 584, “Th.” 295, 298; οἱ μέν.. τοὶ δ᾽ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1404 (_anapaest meter_))]; but even in a trimeter, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 424. In _Attic dialect_ the dual has usually only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.113)] {ὅ}; τὼ πόλεε Foed. cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.23; τὼ ἡμέρα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.2.11; τὼ χεῖρε [prev. author] “Mem.” 2.3.18; τοῖν χεροῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 155e; τοῖν γενεσέοιν [prev. author] “Phd.” 71e; τοῖν πολέοιν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.75 (τά 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 769, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 424, 484, ταῖν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 19.17, 4th c.BC: Isaeus Orator 5.16, etc. have been corrected))]; in [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD(?): Arcadius Grammaticus the form τοῖς)] functions as genitive dual feminine, μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Schwyzer” 664.8 (Orchom., 4th c.BC):)] —in Elean and _Boeotian dialect_ ὁ, ἡ (ἁ), τό, with the addition of -ί, ={ὅδε}, ἥδε, τόδε, _nominative_ _plural_ _masculine_ τυΐ the following men, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“Schwyzer” 485.14 (Thespiae, 3rd c.BC), +others, compare infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ,)] cf. Sanskrit demonstrative pronoun sa, sā, Gothic sa, sō, ONorse sá, sú, Old Latin accusative sum, sam (Enn.): —with τό [from *τόδ] cf. Sanskrit tat (tad), Latin is-tud, Gothic pata: —with τοί cf. Sanskrit te, Lithuanian tĩe, O[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus)] pá, etc.:—with τάων cf. Sanskrit tāsām, Latin is-tarum:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (which see) is different.)
A ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN, that, the oldest and in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] the commonest sense: frequently also in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus (1.86, 5.35, +others))], and sometimes in Trag. (mostly in Lyric poetry, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 1047, etc.; in trimeters, [prev. author] “Th.” 197, “Ag.” 7, “Eu.” 174)]; τῶν γάρ.., τῆς γάρ.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Supp.” 358, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1082)]; seldom in Attic dialect Prose, except in special phrases, see infr. VI, VII):
A.I joined with a substantive, to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεΐδης he—Tydeus' famous son, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.660)]; τὸν Χρύσην that venerable man Chryses, I.II: and so with appellative, Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.—thataged man, [Refs (7.324)]; αἰετοῦ.. τοῦ θηρητῆρος the eagle, that which is called hunter, [Refs (21.252, +others)]; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour, namely that of Priam, [Refs (20.181)]; οἴχετ᾽ ἀνὴρ ὤριστος a man is gone, and he the best, [Refs (11.288, compare 13.433, +others: sometimes with words between the _pronoun_ and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπες 11.186, compare 703, +others)]:—different from this are cases [Refs 8th c.BC+ (like 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ᾽ ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούς)] if he would help the Trojans, but drive those back to the ships—I mean the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, compare [Refs (1.472, 4.20, 329, +others)]
A.II frequently without a substantive, he, she, it, ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.12, +others)]
A.III placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest, above those to wit who, etc., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.172)]; οἷ᾽ οὔ πώ τιν᾽ ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν.. Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old, those women to wit who.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.119, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.332; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσεν 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 21.43, compare 1.116, 10.74:)] —for the _Attic dialect_ usage see below
A.IV before a Possessive pronoun its demonstrative force is sometimes very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένος that spirit of thine, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.407, compare 11.608; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewhere it is merely the _Article_)]
A.V for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, see below [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus [near the start])]
A.VI ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.. without a substantive, in all cases, genders, and numbers, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc.: sometimes in Opposition, where ὁ μέν)] properly refers to the former, ὁ δέ to the latter; more rarely ὁ μέν the latter, ὁ δέ the former, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 359e, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.32,34)]: sometimes in Partition, the one.., the other.., etc.—The Noun with it is regularly in genitive plural, being divided by the ὁ μέν.., ὁ δέ.., into parts, ἠΐθεοι καὶ παρθένοι.., τῶν δ᾽ αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.595; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνται 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 338d, etc.)]: but frequently the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.28, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.73, etc.)]: so in Trag. and Attic dialect, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 22, etc.; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 255c)]; if the Noun be collective, it is in the genitive singular, ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 42.6: sometimes a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν or ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ᾽ Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος.., Μάρις δὲ.. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.317 - 19, compare 116; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.102, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 501a, etc.)]
A.VI.2 when a negative accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 24; τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ᾽ οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσης 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 475b; οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ᾽ οὔ· οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ᾽ οὔ [prev. author] “Cri.” 47a, etc.)]
A.VI.3 ὁ μέν τις.., ὁ δέ τις.. is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν.., ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.41; νόμους.. τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶς 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 339c, compare “Phlb.” 13c.)]
A.VI.4 on τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., or τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., [Refs (see infr. VIII. 4.)]
A.VI.5 ὁ μέν is frequently used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ᾽ ἐσκίδναντο.., Μυρμιδόνας δ᾽ οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.3, compare 24.722, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.12, etc.: also followed by ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ᾽ ἐκέλευε.., ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελον 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 7.304)]; by ἄλλος δέ, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.147, etc.; τὸν μὲν.., ἕτερον δέ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 843, etc.; ὁ μέν.., ὃς δέ.. 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 205 (variant{οὐδέ}): less frequently ὁ δέ in the latter clause without ὁ μέν preceding, τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ᾽ ὄπισθε διώκων (for ὁ μὲν φεύγων) 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.157; σφραγῖδε.. χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ᾽ ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦν “IG” 22.1388.45, compare μέν 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator III; γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντής 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 369d, compare “Tht.” 181d.)]
A.VI.6 ὁ δέ following μέν sometimes refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ᾽, ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον.. βεβλήκει [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.491; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.3, compare 1.66, 6.9, 133, 7.6)]: rare in Attic dialect Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.87; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ᾽ οὐ κατεῖχον 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.2.6: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, see below 7; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, see at {ὅ γε} 11.)]
A.VI.7 ὁ δέ is frequently used simply in continuing a narrative, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.43, etc.)]; also used by [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus in apodosi after a _relative_, see at {ὅδε} III.3.)]
A.VI.8 the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and δέ, οὔθ᾽ ὁ.. οὔθ᾽ ὁ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.417; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 439; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖς 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 701e.)]
A.VII the following usages prevailed in Attic dialect Prose,
A.VII.1 in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nominative singular masculine καὶ ὅ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Article were used (see. ὅς [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus)] II.I and cf. Sanskrit sas, alternatative form of sa); so, in accusative, καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 174a, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.3.9, etc.; also in 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus, καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61, +others)]
A.VII.2 ὁ καὶ ὁ such and such, τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 721b)]: but mostly in accusative, καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.23, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 784d; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.141, compare 9.68; τὸ καὶ τό [prev. author] 18.243)]; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be so and so, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Rhetorica” 1401a4, compare 1413a22)]; but τὰ καὶ τά now one thing, now another, of good and bad, τὸν δ᾽ ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρειν [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 398, compare 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 5.55, 7.20, +others; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόν [prev. author] “O.” 2.53)]; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ διαίτης ὀξέων” 46; compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus VI.8.)]
A.VIII absolutely usages of single cases,
A.VIII.1 feminine dative τῇ, of Place, there, on that spot, here, this way, that way, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.752, 858, +others: followed by ᾗ, 13.52)], etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Respublica Atheniensium” 2.12.)]
A.VIII.1.b with a notion of motion towards, that way, in that direction, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.531, 11.149, 12.124; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ.. 15.46; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντες 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 210:)] —only poetry
A.VIII.1.c of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν in this way, thus, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.510.)]
A.VIII.1.d repeated, τῇ μέν.., τῇ δέ.., in one way.., in another.., or partly.., partly.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 356, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 211a, etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ᾽ ἧσσον 4th-5th c.BC: Parmenides Poeta Philosophus 8.48.)]
A.VIII.1.e relative, where, by which way, only Epic dialect, as [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 12.118, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.229.)]
A.VIII.2 neuter dative τῷ, therefore, on this account, frequently in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.418, 2.254, +others (see. below): also in Trag., 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 239, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 510 (Lyric poetry); in Prose, τῷ τοι.. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 179d, “Sph.” 230b.)]
A.VIII.2.b thus, so, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, especially when εἰ)] precedes, be translated, then, if this be so, on this condition, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.239, 3.224, 258, +others, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 29.11.—In 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus the true form is probably τῶ, as in codex A, or τώ,compare 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Adverbiis;” 199.2.)]
A.VIII.3 neuter accusative τό, wherefore, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.176, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.332, +others, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 142 (Lyric poetry))]; also τὸ δέ absolutely, but the fact is.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 23a, “Men.” 97c, “Phd.” 109d, “Tht.” 157b, “R.” 340d, “Lg.” 967a)]; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (compare above[Refs 5th c.BC+ (VI. 6), τὸ δ᾽ ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ.. ἐπετήδευσαν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.37; τὸ δὲ.. ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσται [prev. author] 2.89)]; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Nicolaus Damascenus Historicus 58J.)]
A.VIII.4 τὸ μέν.., τὸ δέ.., partly.., partly.., or on the one hand.., on the other.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.36, etc., compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.46)]; more frequently τὰ μέν.., τὰ δέ.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.173, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 534, etc.; also τὰ μέν τι.., τὰ δέ τι.. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.1.14; τὸ μέν τι.., τὸ δέ τι.. 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Macr.” 14; τὰ μέν.., τὸ δὲ πλέον.. 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.90: sometimes without τὸ μέν..)] in the first clause, τὸ δέ τι [Refs ([prev. author] 1.107, 7.48: rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ.., τέλος δέ)] several times.. and finally, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.85.)]
A.VIII.5 of Time, sometimes that time, sometimes this (present) time, συνμαχία κ᾽ ἔα ἑκατὸν ϝέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοΐ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply ϝέτος) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (“SIG” 9.3 (Olympia, 6th c.BC): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, _Epic dialect_ τοῖο,)] from that time, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.493, 15.601.)]
A.VIII.5.b πρὸ τοῦ, sometimes written προτοῦ, before this, aforetime, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.103, 122, 5.55, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1204, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 5, etc.; ἐν τῷ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.32, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 462; τὸ πρὸ τοῦ 1st c.BC: Diodorus Siculus Historicus 20.59.)]
A.VIII.5.c in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶς yesterday, τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed yesterday (literal before this [day]), and to-day's, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“IG” 9(2).517.43 (Larissa, 3rd c.BC).)]
A.VIII.6 ἐν τοῖς is frequently used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a most marvellous thing, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.137)]; ἐν τοῖς πρῶτοι the very first, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.6, etc.)]; ἐν τοῖσι πρῶτος (πρώτοις codices) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pherecrates Comicus 145.4)]; [Ζεὺς] Ἔρωτά τε καὶ Ἀνάγκην ἐν τοῖς πρῶτα ἐγέννησεν first of all, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Aristides Rhetor “Orationes” 43(1).16, compare 37(2).2: when used with _feminine_ Nouns, ἐν τοῖς remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆες)] the greatest number of ships, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (i.e. ἡ στάσις) [prev. work] 82)]: also with adverbs, ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 8.90, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Crito” 52a, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.74e, 421d, 723e, “Brut.” 6, 11, +others, 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 1.16.3, etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώτατα 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσαν 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.364c)]: in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξον [Refs 1st c.BC+ (2nd c.AD: Aristides Rhetor “Orationes” 48(24).47 codices; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυ 1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis 1.19, compare 66 (ἐν ταῖς πάνυ _falsa lectio_ 4.14, 15).)]
B ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE, the, to specify individuals: rare in this signification in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] the demonstrative force can generally be traced, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (see above 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus)] I, but the definite Article must be recognized in places [Refs 8th c.BC+ (like 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.167, 7.412, 9.309, 12.289, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 19.372)]: also when joined to an adjective to make it a substantive, αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον the hindmost man, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.178; τὸν ἄριστον 17.80; τὸν δύστηνον 22.59; τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325; τῷ πρώτῳ.., τῷ δευτέρῳ.., etc., [prev. work] 265s q)].; also in τῶν ἄλλων [Refs (2.674, +others: with Advs., τὸ πρίν 24.543, +others; τὸ πάρος περ 17.720; τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583)]; also τὸ τρίτον[Refs ([prev. work] 733; τὰ πρῶτα 1.6, +others)]; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for the rest,[Refs (23.454; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559.)]—The true Article, however, is first fully established in 5th C Attic dialect, whilst the demonstrative usage disappears, except in a few cases, V. [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus VI-VIII.)] —Chief usages, especially in _Attic dialect_
B.I not only with common Appellats., adjectives, and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also frequently where we use the Possessive pronoun, τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθην [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 5)]; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην my head was broken, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 1.61, etc.)]; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make our friends, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 190)]; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding their cities, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.12; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδας 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 372b.)]
B.I.b omitted with proper nounsand frequently with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, see at {θεός} [Refs (I.1, βασιλεύς)] III; ἐμ πόλει in the Acropolis, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“IG” 12.4.1, +others: but added to proper nouns, when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus (3.70) speaks first of Πειθίας and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.)]; compare Θράσυλος in [Refs ([prev. author] 8.104, with ὁ Θ. [prev. work] 105)]; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύς whoever this Zeus is, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 480)]; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφος: seldom in Trag. with proper nouns, save to give peculiar emphasis, like Latin ille, ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 729, “El.” 35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a _proper name_ is different, see A.I).)]
B.I.c Aristotle says Σωκράτης meaning the historical Socrates, as in [Refs (“SE” 183b7, “PA” 642a28, +others, but ὁ Σωκράτης)] when he means the Platonic Socrates, as [Refs (“Pol.” 1261a6, +others: so with other proper nouns, “EN” 1145a21, 1146a21, +others)]
B.I.d for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., see at {καί} [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 2.)]
B.I.2 in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν.. λεύσσει [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.109; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντης 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.242, etc.)]
B.I.2.b frequently with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρως [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.45, etc.)]
B.I.3 of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, see at {γεωγράφος}, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.
B.I.4 with infinitives, which thereby become Substantives, τὸ εἴργειν prevention, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 505b)]; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1348 (_anapaest meter_), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the _Article_ and the)]infinitive, τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι the existence of gods, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 62b)]; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον the fact or statement that no one is happy, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.86.)]
B.I.5 in neuter before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωπος the word or notion man; τὸ λέγω the word λέγ; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν the sentiment 'ne quid nimis', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 265 (Lyric poetry))]; τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ the phrase τῇ αὐτῇ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 72e: and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα.. περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν)] the opinion about the question 'who ought to rule', [Refs ([prev. author] “R.” 431e)]; τὸ ἐὰν μένητε παρ᾽ ἐμοί, ἀποδώσω the phrase 'I will give back, if.. ', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.1.21, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 327c, etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 23.148)]; τὸ ὀλίγοι the term few, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1283b11.)]
B.I.6 before relative clauses, when the Article serves to combine the whole relative clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι the harshness you speak of, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 435a)]; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν.., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινος (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινος) [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Criti.” 115b; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν.. ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσιν [prev. author] “R.” 469b; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυται [prev. author] “Prt.” 320d, compare 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Lycophrone” 2; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησις 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Metaphysica” 987a8; τὸν ὃς ἔφη 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 23.8: hence the _relative_, by attraction, frequently follows the case of the _Article_, τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 2.3.25, etc.)]
B.I.7 before Prons.,
B.I.7.a before the person Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in accusative, τὸν ἐμέ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 166a, “Phlb.” 20b)]; τὸν.. σὲ καὶ ἐμέ[Refs ([prev. work] 59b; τὸν αὑτόν [prev. author] “Phdr.” 258a; on ὁ αὐτός, see at {αὐτός} 111.)]
B.I.7.b before the interrogative pronoun (both τίς and ποῖος), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 251, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 696; also τὰ τ; because οἷα went before, [prev. work] 693. Of τίς only the _neuter_ is thus used (see.above): ποῖος is thus used not only in _neuter_ _plural_, τὰ ποῖ; 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 707; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖο; [prev. work] 1704)]; τῆς ποίας μερίδο; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.64)]; τοῖς ποίοις..; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 227b1.)]
B.I.7.c with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Article either makes the pronoun into a substantive, ὁ τοιοῦτος that sort of person, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 4.2.21, etc.)]; or subjoins it to a substantive which already has an Article, τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 41.13.)]
B.I.8 before ἅπας, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.69, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.64, 7.153 (assuming variant), 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1224 (Lyric poetry), 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.231, etc.)]; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1287b8, 1288a19: on its usage with ἕκαστος,)] see entry; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., see at {ἄλλος} [Refs (11.6, πολύς 11.3, etc.)]
B.I.9 the Article with the comparative is rare, if ἤ follows, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 313, “OC” 796.)]
B.II elliptic expressions:
B.II.1 before the genitive of a proper name, to express descent, son or daughter, Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (i.e. υἱός) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.104)]; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διός (i.e. θυγάτηρ) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 470)]: also to denote other relationships, e.g. brother, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 32.24, 4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 2.2.10)]; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M.the wife of [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ecclesiazusae” 46)]; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his men, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.2.15)]; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεος the slave of [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus, 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ χυμῶν” 20.)]
B.II.2 generally, before a genitive it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν, the matter of the ships, the affair of the Hermae, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.23, 6.60)]; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote the interests of Arrhibaeus, [Refs ([prev. author] 4.83, compare 6.89, etc.)]; τὸ τῆς τύχης,=ἡ τύχη, [Refs ([prev. author] 4.18)]; τὰ τῆς τύχης accidents, chance events, [Refs ([prev. work] 55)]; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμος performance of the rites due to the dead befits the living, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 78 (Lyric poetry))]; τὰ τῶν θεῶν that which is destined by the gods, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 498 (Lyric poetry): hence with _neuter_ of Possessive _pronoun_, τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν,)] what regards me or thee, my or thy business or interests, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 124, “El.” 251, etc.)]: and with genitive of [Refs 5th c.BC+ (3 _person_, τὸ τῆσδε 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 48. But τό τινος)] is frequently also, a man's word or saying, as τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.86)]; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου as Homer says, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 183e)]; also τά τινος so-and-so's house, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1432, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 54.7, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 2.76, 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 5.52, NT.Luke.2.49.)]
B.II.3 very frequently with cases governed by Preps.. αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆες the ships from Zacynthus, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.13; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, see at {ἀμφί} with 1.3, περί with 1.2)]; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης the Thrace-ward district, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.59, +others)]; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματος matters on deck, [Refs ([prev. author] 7.70)]; τὰ ἀπ᾽ Ἀλκιβιάδου the proposals of Alcibiades, [Refs ([prev. author] 8.48)]; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης the incidents of fortune, [Refs ([prev. author] 2.87, etc.)]
B.II.4 on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., see at {μά} IV.
B.II.5 in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχους (i.e. ὁδόν) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Lysis” 203a; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (i.e. στολή, δέσις), see at {θάνατος}; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (i.e. γνώμην), see at {ἐμός} II.4)]; ἡ αὔριον (i.e. ἡμέρα), see at {αὔριον}; ἡ Λυδιστί (i.e. ἁρμονία) [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1342b32, etc.: frequently with Advs., which thus take an adjective sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν)]; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.52; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (i.e. ἄνθρωποι), [prev. work] 9, 10)], etc.; but τό stands absolutely with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a substantive, as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦρο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 266, compare [315] (Lyric poetry))]; ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθεν [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Or.” 1412 (Lyric poetry): rarely _absolutely_ in _genitive_, ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.3.1; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 731.)]
C as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects; both in nominative singular masculine ὅ, as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθες [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.262, compare 1.300, +others; Ἔρως, ὃ κατ᾽ ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθον 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 526 (Lyric poetry); Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖται 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 15.86)]; ὃ ἐξορύξη he who banishes him, [Refs (“Schwyzer” 679.12,25 (from Cyprus))]; and in the forms beginning with τ, especially in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.160, +others), 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.7, +others)]: also in Ionic dialect Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαι [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th c.BC: Archilochus Lyricus 87.3, compare 7th-6th c.BC(?): Semonides Iambographus 7.3, 6th c.BC: Anacreon Lyricus 86 (probably), 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 2.64, +others: frequently in Trag., τῆς 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1258, “Tr.” 381, 728, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 883 (_anapaest meter_); τῷ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 14; τήν [prev. author] “OC” 747, “Tr.” 47, “El.” 1144)]; τό [Refs ([prev. author] “OT” 1427)]; τῶν[Refs ([prev. work] 1379, “Ant.” 1086.)]—Never in Comedy texts or Attic dialect Prose:—Epic dialect genitive singular τεῦ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.192 (assuming variant).)]
D CRASIS OF ARTICLE:
D.a Attic dialect ὁ, ἡ, τό, with ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιο; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθ; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντο; but ἅτερος, θάτερον ([musical notation]), Ionic dialect οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (see. ἕτερος), Attic dialect feminine ἡτέρα, dative θητέρᾳ (see. ἕτερος); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (frequently written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Papyrus); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί=αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ.
D.b other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., Doric dialect ὡξ from ὁ ἐξ [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 1.65, ὥλαφος from ὁ ἔλαφος [prev. work] 135)]; Ionic dialect ᾡσυμνήτης from ὁ αἰς-[Refs 5th c.BC+ (“SIG” 57.45 (Milet., 5th c.BC))]; ὡυτή from ἡ αὐτή [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 60, etc.)]