Strong G3778οὗτος
this/he/she/it
- Transliteration
- houtos houtoi hautē hautai
- Pronunciation
- hoo'-tos hoo'-toy how'-tay how'-tahee
- Morphology
- Greek DemonstrativePronoun
Definition
Including the nominative masculine plural (second form) nominative feminine signular (third form) and the nominate feminine plural (fourth form). From the article G3588 and G846; the he (she or it) that is this or that (often with the article repeated): - he (it was that) hereof it she such as the same these they this (man same woman) which who.
Detailed definition
οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, genitive, τούτου, ταύτης, τούτου,
[in LXX chiefly for זֹאת,זֶה;]
demonstr. pron. (related to ἐκεῖνος as hic to ille),
this;
1. as subst., this one, he;
__(a) absol.: Mat.3:17, Mrk.9:7, Luk.7:44, 45, Jhn.1:15, Act.2:15, al.; expressing contempt (cl.), Mat.13:55, 56, Mrk.6:2, 3, Jhn.6:42, al.; εἰς τοῦτο, Mrk.1:38, Rom.14:9; μετὰ τοῦτο (ταῦτα; V. Westc. on Jhn.5:1), Jhn.2:12 11:7, al.;
__(b) epanaleptic (referring to what precedes): Mat.5:19, Mrk.3:35, Luk.9:48, Jhn.6:46, Rom.7:10, al.;
__(with) proleptic (referring to what follows): before ἵνα (Bl., §69, 6), Luk.1:43, Jhn.3:19 (and freq.) 15:8, Rom.14:9, al.; before ὅτι, Luk.10:11, Jhn.9:3o, Act.24:14, Rom.2:3, al.; ὅπως, Rom.9:17; ἐάν, Jhn.13:35;
__(d) special idioms: τοῦτο μὲν... τ. δέ (cl), partly... partly. Heb.10:33; καὶ τοῦτο (τοῦτον, ταῦτα), and that (him) too, Rom.13:11, 1Co.2:2, Heb.11:12; τοῦτ᾽ ἐστιν, Mat.27:46.
2. As adj., with subst.;
__(a) with art.
__(α) before the art.: Mat.12:32, Mrk.9:29, Luk.7:44, Jhn.4:15, Rom.11:24, Rev.19:9, al.;
__(β) after the noun: Mat.3:9, Mrk.12:16, Luk.11:31, Jhn.4:13, Act.6:13, Rom.15:28, 1Co.1:20, Rev.2:24, al.;
__(b) with subst. anarth. (with predicative force; Bl., §49, 4): Luk.1:36 2:2 24:21, Jhn.2:11 4:54 21:14, 2Co.13:1.
(AS)
[in LXX chiefly for זֹאת,זֶה;]
demonstr. pron. (related to ἐκεῖνος as hic to ille),
this;
1. as subst., this one, he;
__(a) absol.: Mat.3:17, Mrk.9:7, Luk.7:44, 45, Jhn.1:15, Act.2:15, al.; expressing contempt (cl.), Mat.13:55, 56, Mrk.6:2, 3, Jhn.6:42, al.; εἰς τοῦτο, Mrk.1:38, Rom.14:9; μετὰ τοῦτο (ταῦτα; V. Westc. on Jhn.5:1), Jhn.2:12 11:7, al.;
__(b) epanaleptic (referring to what precedes): Mat.5:19, Mrk.3:35, Luk.9:48, Jhn.6:46, Rom.7:10, al.;
__(with) proleptic (referring to what follows): before ἵνα (Bl., §69, 6), Luk.1:43, Jhn.3:19 (and freq.) 15:8, Rom.14:9, al.; before ὅτι, Luk.10:11, Jhn.9:3o, Act.24:14, Rom.2:3, al.; ὅπως, Rom.9:17; ἐάν, Jhn.13:35;
__(d) special idioms: τοῦτο μὲν... τ. δέ (cl), partly... partly. Heb.10:33; καὶ τοῦτο (τοῦτον, ταῦτα), and that (him) too, Rom.13:11, 1Co.2:2, Heb.11:12; τοῦτ᾽ ἐστιν, Mat.27:46.
2. As adj., with subst.;
__(a) with art.
__(α) before the art.: Mat.12:32, Mrk.9:29, Luk.7:44, Jhn.4:15, Rom.11:24, Rev.19:9, al.;
__(β) after the noun: Mat.3:9, Mrk.12:16, Luk.11:31, Jhn.4:13, Act.6:13, Rom.15:28, 1Co.1:20, Rev.2:24, al.;
__(b) with subst. anarth. (with predicative force; Bl., §49, 4): Luk.1:36 2:2 24:21, Jhn.2:11 4:54 21:14, 2Co.13:1.
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G3778 appears in 1,293 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- this536
- thing186
- these149
- that58
- of45
- same44
- he32
- man30
- him28
- thus21
- she12
- they12
First verses
- Matthew 1:20But while he thought on these things, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared unto him in a dream, saying, Joseph, thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife: for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost.
- Matthew 1:22Now all this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying,
- Matthew 3:3For this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
- Matthew 3:9And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.
- Matthew 3:17And lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.
- Matthew 4:3And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.
- Matthew 4:9And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me.
- Matthew 5:19Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
- Matthew 5:37But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil.
- Matthew 6:25Therefore I say unto you, Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on. Is not the life more than meat, and the body than raiment?
- Matthew 6:29And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
- Matthew 6:32(For after all these things do the Gentiles seek:) for your heavenly Father knoweth that ye have need of all these things.
- Matthew 6:33But seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.
- Matthew 7:12Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.
- Matthew 7:24Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
- Matthew 7:26And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
- Matthew 7:28And it came to pass, when Jesus had ended these sayings, the people were astonished at his doctrine:
- Matthew 8:9For I am a man under authority, having soldiers under me: and I say to this man, Go, and he goeth; and to another, Come, and he cometh; and to my servant, Do this, and he doeth it.
- Matthew 8:27But the men marvelled, saying, What manner of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him!
- Matthew 9:3And, behold, certain of the scribes said within themselves, This man blasphemeth.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο,
genitive τούτου, ταύτης, τούτου, etc.: the dual feminine never in Attic dialect, see ὁ, ἡ, τό, [near the start]:—demonstrative pronoun, this, common from [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus downwards)]
A ORIGIN and FORMS: οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο probably arose from a reduplication of the demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό with insertion of -υ- (= Sanskrit Particle u), e.g. ταῦτα from τα-υ-τα: Doric dialect genitive singular feminine τούτας [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 11; _nominative_ _plural_ τοῦτοι, ταῦται 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Syntaxi;” 111.23: the former occurs 5th c.BC: Sophron Comicus 24, “GDI” 3045 B 6 (from Selinus), “SIG” 339.16 (Rhodes, 3rd c.BC))], etc., the latter is uncertain in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophron Comicus 97, certain in “SIG” 241 B 117 (Delph., 4th c.BC): in _Boeotian dialect_ all forms begin with οὑτ-)], as genitive singular neuter οὕτω [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“Supp.epigram” 3.359.11 (3rd c.BC))]; accusative singular feminine οὕταν [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Corinna Lyrica “Supp.” 2.80; _accusative_ _plural_ _neuter_ οὗτα “SIG” 1185.20 (Tanagra, 3rd c.BC), etc.: _genitive_ _plural_ _feminine_ _Attic dialect_ τούτων, Cretan dialect ταυτᾶν “Leg.Gort.” 5.19; _neuter_ ταύτων “Michel” 1334.10 (Elis, 4th c.BC).—In _Ionic dialect_ sometimes written ταότην, ταο̄τα, “SIG” 283.19 (Chios, 4th c.BC), 46.7 (Halic., 5th c.BC), +others)] —In _Attic dialect_ οὗτος was frequently strengthened by the _demonstrative_ -ί, οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί, _genitive_ τουτουί, _dative_ τουτῳί, _accusative_ τουτονί; plural nominative οὑτοιί, neuter ταυτί, etc., this man here: sometimes a Particle is inserted between the pronoun and -ί, as αὑτηγί for αὑτηί γε, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 784)]; τουτογί for τουτί γε, [Refs ([prev. author] “V.” 781, “Av.” 894, +others)]; ταυταγί for ταυτί γε, [Refs ([prev. author] “Eq.” 492, “Pax” 1057, +others)]; τουτοδί for τουτὶ δέ, [Refs ([prev. author] “Pl.” 227)]; τουτουμενί for τουτουὶ μέν, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ra.” 965.)] —In codices the ν ἐφελκυστικόν is sometimes added in the forms οὑτοσίν, οὑτωσίν, and οὑτοσίν is said to be Attic dialect by [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Pronominibus;” 59.24, 82.11)]. [This ι is always long, and a long vowel or diphthong before it becomes short, as αὑτη?~Xί, τουτω?~Xί, οὑτοῐί, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 201, “Pl.” 44, “Ach.” 40, etc.])]
B USAGE in regard to CONCOR[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator οὗτος)] is frequently used as a pronoun substantive: hence neuter is followed by genitive, κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.84; εἰς τοῦθ᾽ ὕβρεως ἐλήλυθεν 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.37; εἰς τοῦθ᾽ ἥκεις μανίας [prev. author] 36.48; ταῦτα τῶν μαθημάτων 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Euthydemus” 278b: but quite as frequently as)] adjective, in which case its substantive commonly takes the Article, οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος.—But the Article is absent,
B.1 always in Epic dialect Poets (except [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.114), οὗτος ἀνήρ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.471, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.406, etc.)]: sometimes also in Trag., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 122 (Lyric poetry), 495, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 406, “OC” 471, 1177: once in an Inscription, τοπεῖα: τούτων τὰ ἡμίσεα τοπείων “IG” 22.1622.135 (4th c.BC).)]
B.2 sometimes when the Noun is so specified that the Article is not needed, ἐς γῆν ταύτην.., ἥντινα νῦν Σκύθαι νέμονται [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.8; ταύτας ἃς οἱ πατέρες παρέδοσαν μελέτας 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.85, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 449d, etc.; πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος, ὃν θρηνεῖς ἀεί 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 530.)]
B.3 when οὗτος is used in local sense, here, see below with [Refs (1.5.)]
B.4 when the Noun with which οὗτος agrees stands as its Predicate, αὕτη γὰρ ἦν σοι πρόφασις [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1034)]; δικαστοῦ αὕτη ἀρετή [ἐστι] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 18a: this exception extends to cases in which the Predicate is not so distinctly separated from the Subject, αἰτίαι μὲν αὗται προυγεγένηντο)] these were the grievances which already existed, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.66)]; ταύτην φήμην παρέδοσαν this was the report which.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 16c: frequently with a _superlative_, κίνησις αὕτη μεγίστη δὴ.. ἐγένετο)] this was notably the greatest movement which.., [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.1, compare 3.113: with πρῶτος [prev. author] 1.55, 98, 6.31, NT.Luke.2.2.)]
B.5 when 3rd pers. is used for 2nd pers. to express contempt, οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὑτοσὶ ἀνήρ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 467b, 489b, etc.)]
B.II though οὗτος usually agrees with the Noun that serves as Predicate, it is not rare to find it in the neuter, μανία δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐστί [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 305; τοῦτο γάρ εἰσι.. εὔθυναι 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.82, etc.)]: and in plural, οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα ἀρχή [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.13; ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ προδότης [prev. author] 2.166)]: so with an explanatory clause added, τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ συκοφάντης, αἰτιᾶσθαι μὲν πάντα ἐξελέγξαι δὲ μηδέν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 57.34.)]
B.II.2 so also with a Noun in apposition, τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.159; τούτου τιμῶμαι, ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεως 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 36e, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 323.3, etc.)]
B.II.3 the neuter also may refer to a masculine or feminine Noun, καρπὸν φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον: τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον κτλ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.23, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.5.10, etc.)]
B.II.4 the neuter is also used of classes of persons, μελιτοπῶλαι καὶ τυροπῶλαι: τοῦτο δ᾽ εἰς ἕν ἐστι συγκεκυφός [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 854, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 711a)]; or of an abstract fact, οὐκ Ἰοφῶν ζ;—τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ μόνον ἔτ᾽ ἐστὶ λοιπὸν ἀγαθόν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 73.)]
B.III with Prons.,
B.III.1 personal, οὗτος σύ, in local sense, see below
B.III.2 interrogative, τί τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξα; what is this that.. ? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1173 (Lyric poetry), compare “Ant.” 7)]; ποίοισι τούτοι; for ποῖά ἐστι ταῦτα οἷς [ἔχεις ἐλπίδα]; [Refs ([prev. author] “OC” 388, compare “Ant.” 1049)]; Νέστορ᾽ ἔρειο ὅν τινα τοῦτον ἄγει whom he brings here, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.612.)]
B.III.3 with οἷος, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.377, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 61c.)]
B.III.4 possessive, πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος this father of thine, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 530, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.3.30.)]
B.III.5 demonstrative, οὗτος ἐκεῖνος, τὸν σὺ ζητέεις, where ἐκεῖνος is the Predicate, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.32; τοῦτ᾽ ἔστ᾽ ἐκεῖνο 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 622, compare “Or.” 804; αὐτὸ τοῦτο, see at {αὐτός} I.7)]; τοῦτον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα this same man, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 128.)]
B.III.5.b exceptionally, Διφίλου οὗτος ὅδ᾽ ἐστὶ τύπος [Refs (“IG” 12(5).300 (from Paros).)]
B.III.6 ἄλλος τις οὗτος ἀνέστη another man here, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.380.)]
B.IV with Numerals, τέθνηκε ταῦτα τρία ἔτη these three years, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 7.10 codices)]; [στρατείαν] ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ ποιεῖται for these eleven months, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 8.2, compare 3.4; τριακοστὴν ταύτην ἡμέραν 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Ἐπιτρέποντες” 27; ταύτας τριάκοντα μνᾶς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 27.23, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 463b, etc.)]
C SIGNIFICATION AND SPECIAL IDIOMS:
C.I this, to designate the nearer, opposed to ἐκεῖνος, that, the more remote, ταῦτα, like τὰ ἐνταῦθα, things round and about us, earthly things, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 75e (variant))]; compare ὅδε [near the start]: but οὗτος sometimes indicates that which is not really nearest, but most important, δεῖ.. τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον λέγειν: ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ κτλ. [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 8.72, compare 51.3 and 18.)]
C.I.2 when, of two things, one precedes and the other follows, ὅδε properly refers to what follows, οὗτος to what precedes, οὐκ ἔστι σοι ταῦτ᾽, ἀλλά σοι τάδ᾽ ἔστι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 787, compare ὅδε III. 2: frequently, however, where there are not two things, οὗτος)] refers to what follows, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 13.377, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.306, etc.)]; οὔκουν.. τοῦτο γιγνώσκεις, ὅτι..; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 379, etc.)]
C.I.3 οὗτος is used emphatic, generally in contempt, while ἐκεῖνος denotes praise, ὁ πάντ᾽ ἄναλκις οὗτος, i.e. Aegisthus, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 301; τούτους τοὺς συκοφάντας 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Crito” 45a; so 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator “de Coron.” uses οὗτος of Aeschines, ἐκεῖνος)] of Philip; but οὗτος is used of Philip, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.15, 4.3.)]
C.I.3.b of what is familiar, τούτους τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας, of the Persians, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.5.8; οἱ τὰς τελετὰς.. οὗτοι καταστήσαντες 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 69c, compare “Men.” 80a)]; τὸ θυλακῶδες τοῦτο the familiar bag-like thing, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 3.7.3, compare 3.18.11, 4.7.1; οἱ τὰς κόρας ταύτας ὠνούμενοι τοῖς παισίν 1st-2nd c.AD: Dio Chrysostomus Sophista 31.153.)]
C.I.4 in Attic dialect law-language, οὗτος is commonly applied to the opponent, whether plaintiff (as in [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.130))] or defendant (as in [Refs ([prev. author] 1.1))]; so, in the political speeches of [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator, οὗτοι)] are the opposite party, [Refs (4.1, 8.7)], etc.; but in the forensic speeches, οὗτοι frequently means the judges, the court, [Refs (21.134, 36.47.)]
C.I.5 much like an adverb, in local sense (compare ὅδε [near the start]), τίς δ᾽ οὗτος κατὰ νῆας.. ἔρχεα; who art thou here that comest.. ? [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.82)]; frequently in Attic dialect, τίς οὑτοσ; who's this here? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 1048)]; πολλὰ ὁρῶ ταῦτα πρόβατα I see many sheep here, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.5.9 (as variant): with _pronoun_ of 2 _person_, οὗτος σύ)] ho you! you there! [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 532, 1121, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 1280, etc.: and then οὗτος alone like a _vocative_, οὗτος, τί ποιεῖ; 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 911,compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 71, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 773, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 240, “Nu.” 220, +others)]: with a proper name, ὦ οὗτος, Αἴας [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 89; ὦ οὗτος οὗτος, Οἰδίπους [prev. author] “OC” 1627, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1364: with _vocative_, βέντισθ᾽ οὗτος 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 5.76:—the _feminine_ is rarer, αὕτη 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 922; αὕτη σύ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 610.)] —This phrase mostly implies anger, impatience, or scorn.
C.II simply as antecedent to ὅς, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.40, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1180, etc.: frequently following _relative_ clause, ἅ γ᾽ ἔλαβες,.. μεθεῖναι ταῦτα [prev. author] “Ph.” 1247, compare 1319, “Ant.” 183, 203, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 469c.)]
C.III = τοιοῦτος, οὗτος ἐγὼ ταχυτᾶτι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 4.26; σὺ τοίνυν οὗτος εὑρέθης 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.282, compare 173.)]
C.IV after a parenthesis, the Subject, though already named, is frequently emphatic repeated by οὗτος, οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Ἀριστέης.., οὐδὲ οὗτος προσωτέρω.. ἔφησε ἀπικέσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.16, compare 81 (assuming variant), 1.146, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 107d, etc.)]
C.V καὶ οὗτος is added to heighten the force of a previous word, ξυνεστῶτες.. ναυτικῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ τούτῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.55, compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.147, 6.11, etc.; so οὐδὲ τούτου 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.100)]; see infr. VIII.2.
C.VI repeated, where for the second we should merely say he or it, τοῖσιν τούτου τοῦτον μέλεσιν.. κελαδοῦντες [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1526, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Laches” 200d.)]
C.VII ταῦτα is used in some special phrases,
C.VII.1 ταῦτ᾽, ὦ δέσποτα yes Sir (i. e. ἔστι ταῦτα, ταῦτα δράσω, etc.), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 142, “Pax” 275, compare “Eq.” III; so ταῦτα δή [prev. author] “Ach.” 815; ταῦτά νυν [prev. author] “V.” 1008)]; so also ἦν ταῦτα even so, true, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 417.)]
C.VII.2 ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὑπάρξει so it shall be, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 78a.)]
C.VII.3 καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα so much for that, frequently in Attic dialect, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 220c.)]
C.VII.4 ταῦτα at end of a formula in epitaphs, etc., probably short for ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει or ὁ βίος ταῦτά ἐστιν, e.g. οὐδὶς (= -εὶς) ἀθάνατος: ταῦτα [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (“IG” 14.420; Προκόπι ταῦτα [prev. work]1824; χαίρεται (= -τε) ταῦτα [prev. work]1479, etc.: similarly perhaps in a letter, ἂμ μὴ πέμψῃς, οὐ μὴ φάγω, οὐ μὴ πείνω. ταῦτα “POxy.” 119.15 (2nd-3rd c.AD).)]
C.VIII Adverbial usages:
C.VIII.1 ταῦταabsolutely, therefore, that is why.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.694; ταῦτ᾽ ἄρα 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 90, “Nu.” 319, 335, 394, +others, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 4.55; ταῦτα δή 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 159, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 174a; ταῦτ᾽ οὖν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 550, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1358, etc.)]; αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω, ἵνα.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 310e: τοῦτο)] is rare in this sense, τοῦτ᾽ ἀφικόμην, ὅπως.. εὖ πράξαιμί τι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1005)]; αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο just because of this, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 204a.)]
C.VIII.1.b πρὸς ταῦτα so then, therefore, properly used in indignant defiance, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 992, 1043, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 971, 1115, 1313, “OT” 426, “OC” 455, etc.)]
C.VIII.2 καὶ ταῦτα, adding a circumstance heightening the force of what has been said, and that, ἄνδρα γενναῖον θανεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς γυναικός [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 627)]: but mostly with a participle, ὅς γ᾽ ἐξέλυσας ἄστυ.., καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ἐξειδὼς πλέον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 37, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 704, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 241e, etc.)]; or with a participle omitted, ἥτις.. τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὕβρισεν, καὶ ταῦτα τηλικοῦτος (i.e. οὖσα) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 614; so καὶ ταῦτα μέντοι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Eryxias” 400b.)]
C.VIII.2.b καὶ ταῦτα anyhow, no matter what happens (or happened), ἐπεχείρησας, οὐδὲν ὢν καὶ ταῦτα you tried, but were no good anyhow, i.e. try as you might, [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “R.” 341c, compare 4th c.BC: Diodorus Comicus 3.5.)]
C.VIII.3 τοῦτο μέν.., τοῦτο δέ.. on the one hand.., on the other.., partly.., partly.., very frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus, as 1.161, +others)]; τοῦτο μέν is sometimes answered by δέ only,[Refs 5th c.BC+ (4.76, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 670, “OC” 440)]; by δὲ αὖ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.176)]; by ἔπειτα δέ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 61)]; by ἀλλά, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 22.13)]; by εἶτα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1345)]; by τοῦτ᾽ αὖθις, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ant.” 165.)]
C.VIII.4 dative feminine ταύτῃ,
C.VIII.4.a on this spot, here, ταύτῃ μὲν.., τῇδε δ᾽ αὖ.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Ph.” 1331; ἀλλ᾽ ἐὰν ταύτῃ γε νικᾷ, ταυτῃὶ πεπλήξεται 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 271, compare “Th.” 1221.)]
C.VIII.4.b in this point, herein, μηδὲν ταύτῃ γε κομήσῃς [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Pl.” 572, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Hiero” 7.12, etc.)]
C.VIII.4.c in this way, thus, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 191, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1300, etc.; οὐ.. ταῦτ᾽ ἐστί πω ταύτῃ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 843; ἀλλ᾽ οὔτι ταύτῃ ταῦτα 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 365, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 511: antecedent to ὥσπερ, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 330c)]; to ὅπῃ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.3.2; οὕτω τε καὶ ταύτῃ γίγνοιτο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 681d; καὶ οὕτω καὶ ταύτῃ ἂν ἔχοι [prev. work] 714d)]; ταύτῃ καλεῖσθαι, etc., like οὕτω κ., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (Scholia 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 215b.)]
C.VIII.5 ἐκ τούτου or τούτων thereupon, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 3.1.6, “Oec.” 2.1)]; therefore, [Refs ([prev. author] “An.” 3.3.5.)]
C.VIII.6 ἐν τούτῳ in that case, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 440c.)]
C.VIII.6.b in the meantime, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.126, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.72, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.1.27.)]
C.VIII.7 πρὸς τούτοις (-οισι) besides, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.51, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 326a, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.4.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 540.)]
genitive τούτου, ταύτης, τούτου, etc.: the dual feminine never in Attic dialect, see ὁ, ἡ, τό, [near the start]:—demonstrative pronoun, this, common from [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus downwards)]
A ORIGIN and FORMS: οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο probably arose from a reduplication of the demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό with insertion of -υ- (= Sanskrit Particle u), e.g. ταῦτα from τα-υ-τα: Doric dialect genitive singular feminine τούτας [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 11; _nominative_ _plural_ τοῦτοι, ταῦται 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Syntaxi;” 111.23: the former occurs 5th c.BC: Sophron Comicus 24, “GDI” 3045 B 6 (from Selinus), “SIG” 339.16 (Rhodes, 3rd c.BC))], etc., the latter is uncertain in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophron Comicus 97, certain in “SIG” 241 B 117 (Delph., 4th c.BC): in _Boeotian dialect_ all forms begin with οὑτ-)], as genitive singular neuter οὕτω [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“Supp.epigram” 3.359.11 (3rd c.BC))]; accusative singular feminine οὕταν [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Corinna Lyrica “Supp.” 2.80; _accusative_ _plural_ _neuter_ οὗτα “SIG” 1185.20 (Tanagra, 3rd c.BC), etc.: _genitive_ _plural_ _feminine_ _Attic dialect_ τούτων, Cretan dialect ταυτᾶν “Leg.Gort.” 5.19; _neuter_ ταύτων “Michel” 1334.10 (Elis, 4th c.BC).—In _Ionic dialect_ sometimes written ταότην, ταο̄τα, “SIG” 283.19 (Chios, 4th c.BC), 46.7 (Halic., 5th c.BC), +others)] —In _Attic dialect_ οὗτος was frequently strengthened by the _demonstrative_ -ί, οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί, _genitive_ τουτουί, _dative_ τουτῳί, _accusative_ τουτονί; plural nominative οὑτοιί, neuter ταυτί, etc., this man here: sometimes a Particle is inserted between the pronoun and -ί, as αὑτηγί for αὑτηί γε, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 784)]; τουτογί for τουτί γε, [Refs ([prev. author] “V.” 781, “Av.” 894, +others)]; ταυταγί for ταυτί γε, [Refs ([prev. author] “Eq.” 492, “Pax” 1057, +others)]; τουτοδί for τουτὶ δέ, [Refs ([prev. author] “Pl.” 227)]; τουτουμενί for τουτουὶ μέν, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ra.” 965.)] —In codices the ν ἐφελκυστικόν is sometimes added in the forms οὑτοσίν, οὑτωσίν, and οὑτοσίν is said to be Attic dialect by [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Pronominibus;” 59.24, 82.11)]. [This ι is always long, and a long vowel or diphthong before it becomes short, as αὑτη?~Xί, τουτω?~Xί, οὑτοῐί, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 201, “Pl.” 44, “Ach.” 40, etc.])]
B USAGE in regard to CONCOR[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator οὗτος)] is frequently used as a pronoun substantive: hence neuter is followed by genitive, κατὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀκροπόλιος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.84; εἰς τοῦθ᾽ ὕβρεως ἐλήλυθεν 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.37; εἰς τοῦθ᾽ ἥκεις μανίας [prev. author] 36.48; ταῦτα τῶν μαθημάτων 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Euthydemus” 278b: but quite as frequently as)] adjective, in which case its substantive commonly takes the Article, οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος.—But the Article is absent,
B.1 always in Epic dialect Poets (except [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.114), οὗτος ἀνήρ 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.471, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.406, etc.)]: sometimes also in Trag., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 122 (Lyric poetry), 495, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 406, “OC” 471, 1177: once in an Inscription, τοπεῖα: τούτων τὰ ἡμίσεα τοπείων “IG” 22.1622.135 (4th c.BC).)]
B.2 sometimes when the Noun is so specified that the Article is not needed, ἐς γῆν ταύτην.., ἥντινα νῦν Σκύθαι νέμονται [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.8; ταύτας ἃς οἱ πατέρες παρέδοσαν μελέτας 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.85, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 449d, etc.; πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος, ὃν θρηνεῖς ἀεί 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 530.)]
B.3 when οὗτος is used in local sense, here, see below with [Refs (1.5.)]
B.4 when the Noun with which οὗτος agrees stands as its Predicate, αὕτη γὰρ ἦν σοι πρόφασις [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1034)]; δικαστοῦ αὕτη ἀρετή [ἐστι] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 18a: this exception extends to cases in which the Predicate is not so distinctly separated from the Subject, αἰτίαι μὲν αὗται προυγεγένηντο)] these were the grievances which already existed, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.66)]; ταύτην φήμην παρέδοσαν this was the report which.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 16c: frequently with a _superlative_, κίνησις αὕτη μεγίστη δὴ.. ἐγένετο)] this was notably the greatest movement which.., [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.1, compare 3.113: with πρῶτος [prev. author] 1.55, 98, 6.31, NT.Luke.2.2.)]
B.5 when 3rd pers. is used for 2nd pers. to express contempt, οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὑτοσὶ ἀνήρ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 467b, 489b, etc.)]
B.II though οὗτος usually agrees with the Noun that serves as Predicate, it is not rare to find it in the neuter, μανία δὲ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐστί [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 305; τοῦτο γάρ εἰσι.. εὔθυναι 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.82, etc.)]: and in plural, οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα ἀρχή [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.13; ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ προδότης [prev. author] 2.166)]: so with an explanatory clause added, τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ὁ συκοφάντης, αἰτιᾶσθαι μὲν πάντα ἐξελέγξαι δὲ μηδέν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 57.34.)]
B.II.2 so also with a Noun in apposition, τούτοισιν μὲν ταῦτα μέλει, κίθαρις καὶ ἀοιδή [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.159; τούτου τιμῶμαι, ἐν πρυτανείῳ σιτήσεως 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 36e, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 323.3, etc.)]
B.II.3 the neuter also may refer to a masculine or feminine Noun, καρπὸν φορέει κυάμῳ ἴσον: τοῦτο ἐπεὰν γένηται πέπον κτλ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.23, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.5.10, etc.)]
B.II.4 the neuter is also used of classes of persons, μελιτοπῶλαι καὶ τυροπῶλαι: τοῦτο δ᾽ εἰς ἕν ἐστι συγκεκυφός [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 854, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 711a)]; or of an abstract fact, οὐκ Ἰοφῶν ζ;—τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ μόνον ἔτ᾽ ἐστὶ λοιπὸν ἀγαθόν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 73.)]
B.III with Prons.,
B.III.1 personal, οὗτος σύ, in local sense, see below
B.III.2 interrogative, τί τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξα; what is this that.. ? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1173 (Lyric poetry), compare “Ant.” 7)]; ποίοισι τούτοι; for ποῖά ἐστι ταῦτα οἷς [ἔχεις ἐλπίδα]; [Refs ([prev. author] “OC” 388, compare “Ant.” 1049)]; Νέστορ᾽ ἔρειο ὅν τινα τοῦτον ἄγει whom he brings here, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.612.)]
B.III.3 with οἷος, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.377, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 61c.)]
B.III.4 possessive, πατὴρ σὸς οὗτος this father of thine, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 530, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.3.30.)]
B.III.5 demonstrative, οὗτος ἐκεῖνος, τὸν σὺ ζητέεις, where ἐκεῖνος is the Predicate, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.32; τοῦτ᾽ ἔστ᾽ ἐκεῖνο 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 622, compare “Or.” 804; αὐτὸ τοῦτο, see at {αὐτός} I.7)]; τοῦτον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα this same man, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 128.)]
B.III.5.b exceptionally, Διφίλου οὗτος ὅδ᾽ ἐστὶ τύπος [Refs (“IG” 12(5).300 (from Paros).)]
B.III.6 ἄλλος τις οὗτος ἀνέστη another man here, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.380.)]
B.IV with Numerals, τέθνηκε ταῦτα τρία ἔτη these three years, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 7.10 codices)]; [στρατείαν] ἑνδέκατον μῆνα τουτονὶ ποιεῖται for these eleven months, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 8.2, compare 3.4; τριακοστὴν ταύτην ἡμέραν 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Ἐπιτρέποντες” 27; ταύτας τριάκοντα μνᾶς 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 27.23, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 463b, etc.)]
C SIGNIFICATION AND SPECIAL IDIOMS:
C.I this, to designate the nearer, opposed to ἐκεῖνος, that, the more remote, ταῦτα, like τὰ ἐνταῦθα, things round and about us, earthly things, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 75e (variant))]; compare ὅδε [near the start]: but οὗτος sometimes indicates that which is not really nearest, but most important, δεῖ.. τὸ βέλτιστον ἀεί, μὴ τὸ ῥᾷστον λέγειν: ἐπὶ ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ βαδιεῖται, ἐπὶ τοῦτο δὲ κτλ. [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 8.72, compare 51.3 and 18.)]
C.I.2 when, of two things, one precedes and the other follows, ὅδε properly refers to what follows, οὗτος to what precedes, οὐκ ἔστι σοι ταῦτ᾽, ἀλλά σοι τάδ᾽ ἔστι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 787, compare ὅδε III. 2: frequently, however, where there are not two things, οὗτος)] refers to what follows, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 13.377, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.306, etc.)]; οὔκουν.. τοῦτο γιγνώσκεις, ὅτι..; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 379, etc.)]
C.I.3 οὗτος is used emphatic, generally in contempt, while ἐκεῖνος denotes praise, ὁ πάντ᾽ ἄναλκις οὗτος, i.e. Aegisthus, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 301; τούτους τοὺς συκοφάντας 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Crito” 45a; so 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator “de Coron.” uses οὗτος of Aeschines, ἐκεῖνος)] of Philip; but οὗτος is used of Philip, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.15, 4.3.)]
C.I.3.b of what is familiar, τούτους τοὺς πολυτελεῖς χιτῶνας, of the Persians, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.5.8; οἱ τὰς τελετὰς.. οὗτοι καταστήσαντες 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 69c, compare “Men.” 80a)]; τὸ θυλακῶδες τοῦτο the familiar bag-like thing, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 3.7.3, compare 3.18.11, 4.7.1; οἱ τὰς κόρας ταύτας ὠνούμενοι τοῖς παισίν 1st-2nd c.AD: Dio Chrysostomus Sophista 31.153.)]
C.I.4 in Attic dialect law-language, οὗτος is commonly applied to the opponent, whether plaintiff (as in [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.130))] or defendant (as in [Refs ([prev. author] 1.1))]; so, in the political speeches of [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator, οὗτοι)] are the opposite party, [Refs (4.1, 8.7)], etc.; but in the forensic speeches, οὗτοι frequently means the judges, the court, [Refs (21.134, 36.47.)]
C.I.5 much like an adverb, in local sense (compare ὅδε [near the start]), τίς δ᾽ οὗτος κατὰ νῆας.. ἔρχεα; who art thou here that comest.. ? [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.82)]; frequently in Attic dialect, τίς οὑτοσ; who's this here? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 1048)]; πολλὰ ὁρῶ ταῦτα πρόβατα I see many sheep here, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.5.9 (as variant): with _pronoun_ of 2 _person_, οὗτος σύ)] ho you! you there! [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 532, 1121, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 1280, etc.: and then οὗτος alone like a _vocative_, οὗτος, τί ποιεῖ; 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 911,compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 71, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 773, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 240, “Nu.” 220, +others)]: with a proper name, ὦ οὗτος, Αἴας [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 89; ὦ οὗτος οὗτος, Οἰδίπους [prev. author] “OC” 1627, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1364: with _vocative_, βέντισθ᾽ οὗτος 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 5.76:—the _feminine_ is rarer, αὕτη 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 922; αὕτη σύ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 610.)] —This phrase mostly implies anger, impatience, or scorn.
C.II simply as antecedent to ὅς, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.40, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1180, etc.: frequently following _relative_ clause, ἅ γ᾽ ἔλαβες,.. μεθεῖναι ταῦτα [prev. author] “Ph.” 1247, compare 1319, “Ant.” 183, 203, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 469c.)]
C.III = τοιοῦτος, οὗτος ἐγὼ ταχυτᾶτι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 4.26; σὺ τοίνυν οὗτος εὑρέθης 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.282, compare 173.)]
C.IV after a parenthesis, the Subject, though already named, is frequently emphatic repeated by οὗτος, οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ Ἀριστέης.., οὐδὲ οὗτος προσωτέρω.. ἔφησε ἀπικέσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.16, compare 81 (assuming variant), 1.146, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 107d, etc.)]
C.V καὶ οὗτος is added to heighten the force of a previous word, ξυνεστῶτες.. ναυτικῷ ἀγῶνι, καὶ τούτῳ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.55, compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.147, 6.11, etc.; so οὐδὲ τούτου 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.100)]; see infr. VIII.2.
C.VI repeated, where for the second we should merely say he or it, τοῖσιν τούτου τοῦτον μέλεσιν.. κελαδοῦντες [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1526, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Laches” 200d.)]
C.VII ταῦτα is used in some special phrases,
C.VII.1 ταῦτ᾽, ὦ δέσποτα yes Sir (i. e. ἔστι ταῦτα, ταῦτα δράσω, etc.), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 142, “Pax” 275, compare “Eq.” III; so ταῦτα δή [prev. author] “Ach.” 815; ταῦτά νυν [prev. author] “V.” 1008)]; so also ἦν ταῦτα even so, true, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 417.)]
C.VII.2 ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὑπάρξει so it shall be, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 78a.)]
C.VII.3 καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταῦτα so much for that, frequently in Attic dialect, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 220c.)]
C.VII.4 ταῦτα at end of a formula in epitaphs, etc., probably short for ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει or ὁ βίος ταῦτά ἐστιν, e.g. οὐδὶς (= -εὶς) ἀθάνατος: ταῦτα [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (“IG” 14.420; Προκόπι ταῦτα [prev. work]1824; χαίρεται (= -τε) ταῦτα [prev. work]1479, etc.: similarly perhaps in a letter, ἂμ μὴ πέμψῃς, οὐ μὴ φάγω, οὐ μὴ πείνω. ταῦτα “POxy.” 119.15 (2nd-3rd c.AD).)]
C.VIII Adverbial usages:
C.VIII.1 ταῦταabsolutely, therefore, that is why.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.694; ταῦτ᾽ ἄρα 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 90, “Nu.” 319, 335, 394, +others, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 4.55; ταῦτα δή 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 159, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 174a; ταῦτ᾽ οὖν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 550, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1358, etc.)]; αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἥκω, ἵνα.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 310e: τοῦτο)] is rare in this sense, τοῦτ᾽ ἀφικόμην, ὅπως.. εὖ πράξαιμί τι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1005)]; αὐτὸ γὰρ τοῦτο just because of this, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 204a.)]
C.VIII.1.b πρὸς ταῦτα so then, therefore, properly used in indignant defiance, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 992, 1043, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 971, 1115, 1313, “OT” 426, “OC” 455, etc.)]
C.VIII.2 καὶ ταῦτα, adding a circumstance heightening the force of what has been said, and that, ἄνδρα γενναῖον θανεῖν, καὶ ταῦτα πρὸς γυναικός [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 627)]: but mostly with a participle, ὅς γ᾽ ἐξέλυσας ἄστυ.., καὶ ταῦθ᾽ ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν οὐδὲν ἐξειδὼς πλέον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 37, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 704, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 241e, etc.)]; or with a participle omitted, ἥτις.. τὴν τεκοῦσαν ὕβρισεν, καὶ ταῦτα τηλικοῦτος (i.e. οὖσα) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 614; so καὶ ταῦτα μέντοι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Eryxias” 400b.)]
C.VIII.2.b καὶ ταῦτα anyhow, no matter what happens (or happened), ἐπεχείρησας, οὐδὲν ὢν καὶ ταῦτα you tried, but were no good anyhow, i.e. try as you might, [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “R.” 341c, compare 4th c.BC: Diodorus Comicus 3.5.)]
C.VIII.3 τοῦτο μέν.., τοῦτο δέ.. on the one hand.., on the other.., partly.., partly.., very frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus, as 1.161, +others)]; τοῦτο μέν is sometimes answered by δέ only,[Refs 5th c.BC+ (4.76, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 670, “OC” 440)]; by δὲ αὖ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.176)]; by ἔπειτα δέ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 61)]; by ἀλλά, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 22.13)]; by εἶτα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1345)]; by τοῦτ᾽ αὖθις, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ant.” 165.)]
C.VIII.4 dative feminine ταύτῃ,
C.VIII.4.a on this spot, here, ταύτῃ μὲν.., τῇδε δ᾽ αὖ.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Ph.” 1331; ἀλλ᾽ ἐὰν ταύτῃ γε νικᾷ, ταυτῃὶ πεπλήξεται 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 271, compare “Th.” 1221.)]
C.VIII.4.b in this point, herein, μηδὲν ταύτῃ γε κομήσῃς [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Pl.” 572, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Hiero” 7.12, etc.)]
C.VIII.4.c in this way, thus, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 191, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1300, etc.; οὐ.. ταῦτ᾽ ἐστί πω ταύτῃ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 843; ἀλλ᾽ οὔτι ταύτῃ ταῦτα 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 365, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 511: antecedent to ὥσπερ, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 330c)]; to ὅπῃ, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.3.2; οὕτω τε καὶ ταύτῃ γίγνοιτο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 681d; καὶ οὕτω καὶ ταύτῃ ἂν ἔχοι [prev. work] 714d)]; ταύτῃ καλεῖσθαι, etc., like οὕτω κ., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (Scholia 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 215b.)]
C.VIII.5 ἐκ τούτου or τούτων thereupon, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 3.1.6, “Oec.” 2.1)]; therefore, [Refs ([prev. author] “An.” 3.3.5.)]
C.VIII.6 ἐν τούτῳ in that case, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 440c.)]
C.VIII.6.b in the meantime, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.126, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.72, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.1.27.)]
C.VIII.7 πρὸς τούτοις (-οισι) besides, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.51, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 326a, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.4.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 540.)]