Strong G4253πρό
before
- Transliteration
- pro
- Pronunciation
- pro
- Morphology
- Greek Preposition
Definition
A primary preposition; fore that is in front of prior (figuratively superior) to . In compounds it retains the same significations: - above ago before or ever. In compounds it retains the same significations.
Detailed definition
πρό
prep. with genitive, [in LXX chiefly for פָּנִים;]
before;
__(a) of place: Act.12:6, 14 14:13, Jas.5:9; π. προσώπου (= Heb. פָּנִים, Deu.3:18, Mal.3:1, al.; Bl., § 40, 9), Mat.11:10, Mrk.1:2, Luk.1:76 7:27 9:52 10:1, Act.14:13;
__(b) of time: Mat.8:29 24:38, Luk.11:38 21:12, Jhn.11:55 13:1 17:24, Act.5:36 21:38, 1Co.2:7 4:5, Eph.1:4, Col.1:17, 2Ti.1:9 4:21, Tit.1:2, Heb.11:5, 1Pe.1:20, Ju 25; π. ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων, fourteen years ago, 2Co.12:2; π. προσώπου (see supr.), Act.13:24; with genitive of person(s), Mat.5:12, Jhn.5:7 10:8, Rom.16:7, Gal.1:17; with genitive art. inf. (= πρίν; M, Pr., 100; Bl., § 69, 7), Mat.6:8 Luk.2:21 22:15, Jhn.1:49 13:19 17:5, Act.23:15, Gal.2:12 3:23; as in late writers (resembling a Latin idiom but independent of it; B1., § 40, 5; M, Pr., 100 f.; of. Am 2Ma.15:36, and for other exx., Soph., Lex., see word), πρὸ ἓξ ἡμέρας τοῦ πάσχα, on the sixth day before the Passover, Jhn.12:1;
__(with) of preference: π. πάντων, Jas.5:12, 1Pe.4:8;
__(d) in compos.,
__α with subst., of position before: προαύλιον, πρόδρομος; priority of rank or order, προπάτωρ; anticipation, πρό γνωσις, πρό νοια;
__β with adj., intensity, πρόδηλος;
__γ with verb., of place, προάγω, προβαίνω; of preference, προαιρέομαι.†
(AS)
prep. with genitive, [in LXX chiefly for פָּנִים;]
before;
__(a) of place: Act.12:6, 14 14:13, Jas.5:9; π. προσώπου (= Heb. פָּנִים, Deu.3:18, Mal.3:1, al.; Bl., § 40, 9), Mat.11:10, Mrk.1:2, Luk.1:76 7:27 9:52 10:1, Act.14:13;
__(b) of time: Mat.8:29 24:38, Luk.11:38 21:12, Jhn.11:55 13:1 17:24, Act.5:36 21:38, 1Co.2:7 4:5, Eph.1:4, Col.1:17, 2Ti.1:9 4:21, Tit.1:2, Heb.11:5, 1Pe.1:20, Ju 25; π. ἐτῶν δεκατεσσάρων, fourteen years ago, 2Co.12:2; π. προσώπου (see supr.), Act.13:24; with genitive of person(s), Mat.5:12, Jhn.5:7 10:8, Rom.16:7, Gal.1:17; with genitive art. inf. (= πρίν; M, Pr., 100; Bl., § 69, 7), Mat.6:8 Luk.2:21 22:15, Jhn.1:49 13:19 17:5, Act.23:15, Gal.2:12 3:23; as in late writers (resembling a Latin idiom but independent of it; B1., § 40, 5; M, Pr., 100 f.; of. Am 2Ma.15:36, and for other exx., Soph., Lex., see word), πρὸ ἓξ ἡμέρας τοῦ πάσχα, on the sixth day before the Passover, Jhn.12:1;
__(with) of preference: π. πάντων, Jas.5:12, 1Pe.4:8;
__(d) in compos.,
__α with subst., of position before: προαύλιον, πρόδρομος; priority of rank or order, προπάτωρ; anticipation, πρό γνωσις, πρό νοια;
__β with adj., intensity, πρόδηλος;
__γ with verb., of place, προάγω, προβαίνω; of preference, προαιρέομαι.†
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G4253 appears in 48 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- before44
- above3
- ever1
First verses
- Matthew 5:12Rejoice, and be exceeding glad: for great is your reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the prophets which were before you.
- Matthew 6:8Be not ye therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye ask him.
- Matthew 8:29And, behold, they cried out, saying, What have we to do with thee, Jesus, thou Son of God? art thou come hither to torment us before the time?
- Matthew 11:10For this is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.
- Matthew 24:38For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noe entered into the ark,
- Mark 1:2As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.
- Luke 1:76And thou, child, shalt be called the prophet of the Highest: for thou shalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his ways;
- Luke 2:21And when eight days were accomplished for the circumcising of the child, his name was called JESUS, which was so named of the angel before he was conceived in the womb.
- Luke 7:27This is he, of whom it is written, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.
- Luke 9:52And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.
- Luke 10:1After these things the Lord appointed other seventy also, and sent them two and two before his face into every city and place, whither he himself would come.
- Luke 11:38And when the Pharisee saw it, he marvelled that he had not first washed before dinner.
- Luke 21:12But before all these, they shall lay their hands on you, and persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues, and into prisons, being brought before kings and rulers for my name’s sake.
- Luke 22:15And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer:
- John 1:48Nathanael saith unto him, Whence knowest thou me? Jesus answered and said unto him, Before that Philip called thee, when thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee.
- John 5:7The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool: but while I am coming, another steppeth down before me.
- John 10:8All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers: but the sheep did not hear them.
- John 11:55And the Jews’ passover was nigh at hand: and many went out of the country up to Jerusalem before the passover, to purify themselves.
- John 12:1Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead.
- John 13:1Now before the feast of the passover, when Jesus knew that his hour was come that he should depart out of this world unto the Father, having loved his own which were in the world, he loved them unto the end.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
- προελπίζωto hope beforehandG4276
- προαύλιονentrywayG4259
- πρῶτοςfirstG4413G
- προεῖδονto foreseeG4275
- προμελετάωto premeditateG4304
- προχειρίζωto appointG4400
- προχειροτονέωto chooseG4401
- πρότεροςbeforeG4387
- προαιρέωto predetermineG4255
- προκαταγγέλλωto foretellG4293
- προβλέπωto foresee/planG4265
- προκαταρτίζωto arrangeG4294
- προγίνομαιto do beforehandG4266
- προκηρύσσωto announceG4296
- πρίνbeforeG4250
- πρόφασιςpretenseG4392
- προπορεύωto go beforeG4313
- προϋπάρχωbe formerlyG4391
- πρόκριμαprejudiceG4299
- προλαμβάνωto take beforehandG4301
- φρουρέωto guardG5432
- πρόςto/withG4314
- προοράωto foreseeG4308
- προβάλλωto put forthG4261
Detailed Greek dictionary
πρό,
before, forth:
A PREP. WITH GENIT.:
A.I of Place, before, in front of, ἠγερέθοντο π. ἄστεος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 24.468, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.351, etc.; π. πτόλιος δεδαϊγμένον 19.292; κείνους κιχησόμεθα π. πυλάων 10.126, compare 6.80, etc.; φύλοπις αἰνὴ ἕστηκε π. νεῶν 18.172; πυρὰ φαίνετο Ἰλιόθι π. 8.561, compare 10.12, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.581, etc.; κλαγγὴ γεράνων πέλει οὐρανόθι π. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.3; π. τειχέων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 13.56)]; ἔμπροσθε π. (variant) τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, ὄπισθε δὲ τῶν πυλέων [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.53, compare 9.52)]; π. δόμων, π. δωμάτων, in front of, i.e. outside the house, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 2.18, 5.96, etc.; π. θυρῶν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 109 (_anapaest meter_), etc.)]; τὴν π. τοῦ Ἡραίου νῆσον before or off the Heraeum, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.75, compare 7.22; π. ποδός, see at {πούς} 1.4a)]; π. χειρῶν at hand, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1279, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Rhesus” 274, uncertain in “Tr.” 1207; π. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν προφαίνεσθαι 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.148.)]
A.I.2 with Vbs. of motion, π. δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ αὐτῶν κύνες ἤϊσαν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 19.435, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.115; π. Ἀχαιῶν ἄγγελος ᾔει 10.286, compare 13.693; π. ἕθεν κλονέοντα φάλαγγας 5.96.)]
A.I.3 before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding, π. Τρώων ἑσταότ᾽ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.215)]: hence, in defence of, μάχεσθαι.. π. τε παίδων καὶ π. γυναικῶν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (8.57, compare 4.156, 373, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.74, etc.)]; ὀλέσθαι π. πόληος, Latin pro patria mori, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.110; π. τῆς Σπάρτης ἀποθνῄσκειν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.134, compare 172, 9.72, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 18, 645, etc.; π. τοῦ θανόντος.. ἔθεσθ᾽ ἐπιστροφήν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 134; διακινδυνεῦσαι π. βασιλέως 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.8.4; βουλεύεσθαι, πράττειν π. τινός, [prev. work] 1.6.42, 4.5.44, compare “Mem.” 2.4.7)]; π. τοξευμάτων as a defence against arrows, [Refs ([prev. author] “An.” 7.8.18)]: hence also, for, on behalf of, instead of, ἀγρυπνῆσαι π. τινῶν[Refs ([prev. work] 7.6.36, compare “Leg.Gort.” 1.43)]; of an advocate, π. τῶνδε φωνεῖν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 10, compare “OC” 811)]; ὄτι δέ κ᾽ αὐτὸς π. Ειαυτοῦ [ἀμάρτῃ] whatever offence he commits of his own volition, Kohler-Ziebarth Stadtrecht von Gortyn [Refs (p.34.)]
A.I.4 π. ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο further on the road, i.e. forwards, onward, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.382, compare 2nd-3rd c.AD: Aelianus “De Natura Animalium - Ar.Byzantine Epit.” 3.16, 7.29 (see. φροῦδος))]: also to denote distance, π. πολλοῦ τῆς πόλεως [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis 9.35; π. τριάκοντα σταδίων)]at a distance of [Refs 1st c.BC+ (30 stades, 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus 8.6.24.)]
A.I.5 π. ἠοῦς, π. ἑσπέρης τοῦ βωμοῦ, eastwards, westwards of.., [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“IG” 7.235.45 (Orop., 4th c.BC).)]
A.II of Time, before, π. γάμοιο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.524; ἠῶθι π. 5.469)]; π. ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν one before the other, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.224)]; more frequently in later writers, π. τῶν Τρωικῶν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.3, compare 1.1; π. τοῦ θανεῖν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 883; π. τοῦ θανάτου 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 57a; π. τοῦ λοιμοῦ [prev. author] “Smp.” 201d; π. δείπνου 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.5.39; π. ἡμέρας [prev. work] 4.5.14)]; π. τοῦ χρῆσθαι before one uses it, [Refs ([prev. author] “Mem.” 2.6.6)]; π. μοίρας τῆς ἐμῆς before my doom, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1266; π. τῆς εἱμαρμένης 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 1.21; π. τοῦ καθήκοντος χρόνου 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.126)], compare 124; π. πολλοῦ long before, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.130, etc.)]; π. μικροῦ, π. ὀλίγου, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Pompeius” 73, 2nd c.AD: Appianus Historicus “Bella Civilia” 2.116; ὀλίγον π. τούτων 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.8; τὸ π. τοῦ (variant{τούτου}) [prev. work] 15)]; π. τοῦ (sometimes written προτοῦ) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1204, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.122, 5.83, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 418, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 173a; ὁ π. τοῦ χρόνος 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 462, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.58, etc.)]; π. τοῦ ἤ, ={πρὶν ἤ}, [Refs (“IG” 7.2225.22 (from Thisbe))]; οἱ π. ἡμῶν γενόμενοι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 13.19; οἱ π. ἐμοῦ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.97.)]
A.II.2 in later writers frequently with Numerals, π. τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν thirty days before, [LXX+1st c.AD+ (2nd-3rd c.AD: Aelianus “De Natura Animalium - Ar.Byzantine Epit.” 5.52; π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Caesar” 63; π. ἐνιαυτοῦ [prev. author] 2.147e; π. δυεῖν ἡμερῶν ἢ ἐτελεύτα [prev. author] “Sull.” 37: frequently with double _genitive_, π. δύο ἐτῶν τοῦ σεισμοῦ, π. δύο ὡρῶν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς, LXX.Amos.1.1, 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 1.64)]; π. ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα, π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας τῶν γενεθλίων, [NT+1st c.AD+ (NT.John.12.1, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.717d; π. πολλοῦ τῆς ἑορτῆς 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Sat.” 14.)]
A.II.2.b in rendering Roman dates, τῇ π. μιᾶς Νωνῶν Ὀκτωβρίων, = pridie Non. Oct., [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.203a, etc.)]
A.III in other relations:
A.III.1 of Preference, before, rather than, κέρδος αἰνῆσαι π. δίκας to praise sleight before right, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 4.140, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 361e)]; πᾶν δὴ βουλόμενοι σφίσι εἶναι π. τῆς παρεούσης λύπης anything before, rather than, their actual trouble, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.152)] (so, in order to avoid, π. τοῦ δεινοτάτου [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 54.19); πᾶν π. τοῦ δουλεῦσαι ἐπεξελθεῖν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.100, compare 4.59)]; ἑλέσθαι, αἱρεῖσθαι, or κρῖναί τι π. τινός to choose one before another, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 5.36, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 366b, “Phlb.” 57e)]; π. πολλοῦ ποιήσασθαι to esteem above much, i.e. very highly, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 5.138; π. πολλῶν χρημάτων τιμήσασθαί τι 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.33, compare 6.10)]; π. ἄλλων more than others, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Menexenus” 249e (variant), compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 1002; δυσδαίμων.. π. πασᾶν γυναικῶν [prev. work] 927 (codices, Lyric poetry))]; π. πάντων θεῶν τῇ Ἑστίᾳ πρώτῃ προθύειν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 401d)]: after a comparative it is redundant, ἡ τυραννὶς π. ἐλευθερίης ἀσπαστότερον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.62, compare 6.12, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 28d, “Cri.” 54b, “Phd.” 99a)]; for ἤ after ἄλλος, οὐδεὶς ἄλλος π. σεῦ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.85, compare 7.3.)]
A.III.2 of Cause or Motive, for, from, π. φόβοιο for fear, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.667)]; ἀθλεύων π. ἄνακτος toiling before the face of, i.e. in his service, [Refs (24.734)]; π. τῶνδε there fore, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 495 (Lyric poetry).)]
B POSITION: words may be put between π. and its case, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.115)]; but it does not follow its case, except after Epic dialect forms in -θι, Ἰλιόθι πρό, οὐρανόθι πρό, ἠῶθι πρό (see. above).
C πρό, absolutely as adverb.:
C.I of Place, before, opposed to ἐπί (after), [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 13.799, 800)]; before, in front, [Refs (15.360)]; forth, forward, ἐκ δ᾽ ἄγαγε π. φόωσδε [Refs (19.118)]; χωρεῖν π. δόμων to come forth from, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 960 (Lyric poetry); ἄγειν τινὰ π. δόμων 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 59 (_anapaest meter_))]; γῆν π. γῆς ἐλαύνομαι I am driven on from one land to another, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 682; διώκειν γῆν π. γῆς 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 235.)]
C.II of Time, before, πρό οἱ εἴπομεν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.37)]; earlier, τά τ᾽ ἐσσόμενα π. τ᾽ ἐόντα [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 32, 38.)]
C.III when joined with other Preps., ἀποπρό, διαπρό, ἐπιπρό, περιπρό, προπρό, it strengthens the first preposition, or adds to it the notion of forward, forth.
D πρό IN COMPOSITION (joined with other words),
D.I with Substantives, to denote
D.I.1 position before or in front, πρόδομος, προάστιον, πρόθυρον, προπύλαια, etc.
D.I.2 priority of rank, πρόεδρος, προεδρία, etc.: also priority of order, προάγων, πρόλογος, προοίμιον, προπάτωρ, etc.
D.I.3 standing in another's place, πρόμαντις, πρόξενος.
D.II with adjectives, to denote
D.II.1 proximity, πρόχειρο; and readiness, πρόθυμος, πρόφρων.
D.II.2 away (compare 111.3 below), προθέλυμνος, πρόρριζος.
D.II.3 prematureness, πρόμοιρος, πρόωρος.
D.II.4 intensity, πρόπας, πρόπαρ, προπάροιθ; so also πρόκακος, πρόπαλαι.
D.III with Verbs,
D.III.1 of Place, before, forwards, προβαίνω, προβάλλω, προτίθημι, etc.: also, before, in defence, προκινδυνεύω, προμάχομαι, etc.
D.III.2 forth, προέλκω, προφέρω.
D.III.2.b publicly, προγράφω, προειπεῖν, πρόκειμαι.
D.III.3 away, προδίδωμι, προϊάλλω, προϊάπτω, προΐημι, προλείπω, προρέω, προτέμνω, προτρέπομαι, προφεύγω, προχέω.
D.III.4 in preference, προαιροῦμαι, προτιμάω, etc.
D.III.5 before, beforehand, προαισθάνομαι, προγίγνομαι, προκαταλαμβάνω, etc.; of foresight, προνοέω, προοράω.
E Etymology: cf. Latin προ?~X-, Slavonic pro-, Sanskrit pra-, etc., in compounds.
before, forth:
A PREP. WITH GENIT.:
A.I of Place, before, in front of, ἠγερέθοντο π. ἄστεος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 24.468, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.351, etc.; π. πτόλιος δεδαϊγμένον 19.292; κείνους κιχησόμεθα π. πυλάων 10.126, compare 6.80, etc.; φύλοπις αἰνὴ ἕστηκε π. νεῶν 18.172; πυρὰ φαίνετο Ἰλιόθι π. 8.561, compare 10.12, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.581, etc.; κλαγγὴ γεράνων πέλει οὐρανόθι π. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.3; π. τειχέων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 13.56)]; ἔμπροσθε π. (variant) τῆς ἀκροπόλιος, ὄπισθε δὲ τῶν πυλέων [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.53, compare 9.52)]; π. δόμων, π. δωμάτων, in front of, i.e. outside the house, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 2.18, 5.96, etc.; π. θυρῶν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 109 (_anapaest meter_), etc.)]; τὴν π. τοῦ Ἡραίου νῆσον before or off the Heraeum, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.75, compare 7.22; π. ποδός, see at {πούς} 1.4a)]; π. χειρῶν at hand, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 1279, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Rhesus” 274, uncertain in “Tr.” 1207; π. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν προφαίνεσθαι 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.148.)]
A.I.2 with Vbs. of motion, π. δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ αὐτῶν κύνες ἤϊσαν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 19.435, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.115; π. Ἀχαιῶν ἄγγελος ᾔει 10.286, compare 13.693; π. ἕθεν κλονέοντα φάλαγγας 5.96.)]
A.I.3 before, in front of, for the purpose of shielding or guarding, π. Τρώων ἑσταότ᾽ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.215)]: hence, in defence of, μάχεσθαι.. π. τε παίδων καὶ π. γυναικῶν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (8.57, compare 4.156, 373, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.74, etc.)]; ὀλέσθαι π. πόληος, Latin pro patria mori, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.110; π. τῆς Σπάρτης ἀποθνῄσκειν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.134, compare 172, 9.72, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 18, 645, etc.; π. τοῦ θανόντος.. ἔθεσθ᾽ ἐπιστροφήν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 134; διακινδυνεῦσαι π. βασιλέως 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.8.4; βουλεύεσθαι, πράττειν π. τινός, [prev. work] 1.6.42, 4.5.44, compare “Mem.” 2.4.7)]; π. τοξευμάτων as a defence against arrows, [Refs ([prev. author] “An.” 7.8.18)]: hence also, for, on behalf of, instead of, ἀγρυπνῆσαι π. τινῶν[Refs ([prev. work] 7.6.36, compare “Leg.Gort.” 1.43)]; of an advocate, π. τῶνδε φωνεῖν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 10, compare “OC” 811)]; ὄτι δέ κ᾽ αὐτὸς π. Ειαυτοῦ [ἀμάρτῃ] whatever offence he commits of his own volition, Kohler-Ziebarth Stadtrecht von Gortyn [Refs (p.34.)]
A.I.4 π. ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο further on the road, i.e. forwards, onward, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.382, compare 2nd-3rd c.AD: Aelianus “De Natura Animalium - Ar.Byzantine Epit.” 3.16, 7.29 (see. φροῦδος))]: also to denote distance, π. πολλοῦ τῆς πόλεως [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis 9.35; π. τριάκοντα σταδίων)]at a distance of [Refs 1st c.BC+ (30 stades, 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus 8.6.24.)]
A.I.5 π. ἠοῦς, π. ἑσπέρης τοῦ βωμοῦ, eastwards, westwards of.., [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“IG” 7.235.45 (Orop., 4th c.BC).)]
A.II of Time, before, π. γάμοιο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.524; ἠῶθι π. 5.469)]; π. ὃ τοῦ ἐνόησεν one before the other, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.224)]; more frequently in later writers, π. τῶν Τρωικῶν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.3, compare 1.1; π. τοῦ θανεῖν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 883; π. τοῦ θανάτου 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 57a; π. τοῦ λοιμοῦ [prev. author] “Smp.” 201d; π. δείπνου 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.5.39; π. ἡμέρας [prev. work] 4.5.14)]; π. τοῦ χρῆσθαι before one uses it, [Refs ([prev. author] “Mem.” 2.6.6)]; π. μοίρας τῆς ἐμῆς before my doom, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1266; π. τῆς εἱμαρμένης 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 1.21; π. τοῦ καθήκοντος χρόνου 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.126)], compare 124; π. πολλοῦ long before, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.130, etc.)]; π. μικροῦ, π. ὀλίγου, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Pompeius” 73, 2nd c.AD: Appianus Historicus “Bella Civilia” 2.116; ὀλίγον π. τούτων 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.8; τὸ π. τοῦ (variant{τούτου}) [prev. work] 15)]; π. τοῦ (sometimes written προτοῦ) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1204, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.122, 5.83, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 418, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 173a; ὁ π. τοῦ χρόνος 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 462, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.58, etc.)]; π. τοῦ ἤ, ={πρὶν ἤ}, [Refs (“IG” 7.2225.22 (from Thisbe))]; οἱ π. ἡμῶν γενόμενοι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 13.19; οἱ π. ἐμοῦ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.97.)]
A.II.2 in later writers frequently with Numerals, π. τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν thirty days before, [LXX+1st c.AD+ (2nd-3rd c.AD: Aelianus “De Natura Animalium - Ar.Byzantine Epit.” 5.52; π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Caesar” 63; π. ἐνιαυτοῦ [prev. author] 2.147e; π. δυεῖν ἡμερῶν ἢ ἐτελεύτα [prev. author] “Sull.” 37: frequently with double _genitive_, π. δύο ἐτῶν τοῦ σεισμοῦ, π. δύο ὡρῶν τῆς ἐπιβολῆς, LXX.Amos.1.1, 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 1.64)]; π. ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα, π. μιᾶς ἡμέρας τῶν γενεθλίων, [NT+1st c.AD+ (NT.John.12.1, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.717d; π. πολλοῦ τῆς ἑορτῆς 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Sat.” 14.)]
A.II.2.b in rendering Roman dates, τῇ π. μιᾶς Νωνῶν Ὀκτωβρίων, = pridie Non. Oct., [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.203a, etc.)]
A.III in other relations:
A.III.1 of Preference, before, rather than, κέρδος αἰνῆσαι π. δίκας to praise sleight before right, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 4.140, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 361e)]; πᾶν δὴ βουλόμενοι σφίσι εἶναι π. τῆς παρεούσης λύπης anything before, rather than, their actual trouble, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.152)] (so, in order to avoid, π. τοῦ δεινοτάτου [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 54.19); πᾶν π. τοῦ δουλεῦσαι ἐπεξελθεῖν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.100, compare 4.59)]; ἑλέσθαι, αἱρεῖσθαι, or κρῖναί τι π. τινός to choose one before another, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 5.36, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 366b, “Phlb.” 57e)]; π. πολλοῦ ποιήσασθαι to esteem above much, i.e. very highly, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 5.138; π. πολλῶν χρημάτων τιμήσασθαί τι 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.33, compare 6.10)]; π. ἄλλων more than others, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Menexenus” 249e (variant), compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 1002; δυσδαίμων.. π. πασᾶν γυναικῶν [prev. work] 927 (codices, Lyric poetry))]; π. πάντων θεῶν τῇ Ἑστίᾳ πρώτῃ προθύειν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 401d)]: after a comparative it is redundant, ἡ τυραννὶς π. ἐλευθερίης ἀσπαστότερον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.62, compare 6.12, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 28d, “Cri.” 54b, “Phd.” 99a)]; for ἤ after ἄλλος, οὐδεὶς ἄλλος π. σεῦ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.85, compare 7.3.)]
A.III.2 of Cause or Motive, for, from, π. φόβοιο for fear, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.667)]; ἀθλεύων π. ἄνακτος toiling before the face of, i.e. in his service, [Refs (24.734)]; π. τῶνδε there fore, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 495 (Lyric poetry).)]
B POSITION: words may be put between π. and its case, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.115)]; but it does not follow its case, except after Epic dialect forms in -θι, Ἰλιόθι πρό, οὐρανόθι πρό, ἠῶθι πρό (see. above).
C πρό, absolutely as adverb.:
C.I of Place, before, opposed to ἐπί (after), [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 13.799, 800)]; before, in front, [Refs (15.360)]; forth, forward, ἐκ δ᾽ ἄγαγε π. φόωσδε [Refs (19.118)]; χωρεῖν π. δόμων to come forth from, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 960 (Lyric poetry); ἄγειν τινὰ π. δόμων 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 59 (_anapaest meter_))]; γῆν π. γῆς ἐλαύνομαι I am driven on from one land to another, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 682; διώκειν γῆν π. γῆς 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 235.)]
C.II of Time, before, πρό οἱ εἴπομεν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.37)]; earlier, τά τ᾽ ἐσσόμενα π. τ᾽ ἐόντα [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 32, 38.)]
C.III when joined with other Preps., ἀποπρό, διαπρό, ἐπιπρό, περιπρό, προπρό, it strengthens the first preposition, or adds to it the notion of forward, forth.
D πρό IN COMPOSITION (joined with other words),
D.I with Substantives, to denote
D.I.1 position before or in front, πρόδομος, προάστιον, πρόθυρον, προπύλαια, etc.
D.I.2 priority of rank, πρόεδρος, προεδρία, etc.: also priority of order, προάγων, πρόλογος, προοίμιον, προπάτωρ, etc.
D.I.3 standing in another's place, πρόμαντις, πρόξενος.
D.II with adjectives, to denote
D.II.1 proximity, πρόχειρο; and readiness, πρόθυμος, πρόφρων.
D.II.2 away (compare 111.3 below), προθέλυμνος, πρόρριζος.
D.II.3 prematureness, πρόμοιρος, πρόωρος.
D.II.4 intensity, πρόπας, πρόπαρ, προπάροιθ; so also πρόκακος, πρόπαλαι.
D.III with Verbs,
D.III.1 of Place, before, forwards, προβαίνω, προβάλλω, προτίθημι, etc.: also, before, in defence, προκινδυνεύω, προμάχομαι, etc.
D.III.2 forth, προέλκω, προφέρω.
D.III.2.b publicly, προγράφω, προειπεῖν, πρόκειμαι.
D.III.3 away, προδίδωμι, προϊάλλω, προϊάπτω, προΐημι, προλείπω, προρέω, προτέμνω, προτρέπομαι, προφεύγω, προχέω.
D.III.4 in preference, προαιροῦμαι, προτιμάω, etc.
D.III.5 before, beforehand, προαισθάνομαι, προγίγνομαι, προκαταλαμβάνω, etc.; of foresight, προνοέω, προοράω.
E Etymology: cf. Latin προ?~X-, Slavonic pro-, Sanskrit pra-, etc., in compounds.