Strong G4459πῶς
how?!
- Transliteration
- pōs
- Pronunciation
- poce
- Morphology
- Greek Particle - Interogative
Definition
Adverb from the base of G4226; an interrogitive particle of manner;
in what way? (sometimes the question is indirect how?); also as exclamation how much!: - how after (by) what manner (means) that. [Occasionally unexpressed in English .]
in what way? (sometimes the question is indirect how?); also as exclamation how much!: - how after (by) what manner (means) that. [Occasionally unexpressed in English .]
Detailed definition
πῶς, interrog. adv., correl. of ὅπως,
1. prop., in direct questions, how?: with indic., Mat.12:29, Mrk.3:23, Luk.11:18, Jhn.3:4, al.; καὶ π., Mrk.4:13, Luk.20:44; π. οὖν, Mat.12:26; π. οὐ, Mat.16:11, Luk.12:56; in deliberative questions (cf. Bl., §64, 6), with subjc., Mat.23:33 26:54; π. οὖν, Rom.10:14; π. δέ, Rom.10:14, 15; before ἄν, with optative, Act.8:31.
2. As sometimes in cl. but more frequently and increasingly so in late writers (see WM, §57, 2; Bl., §70, 2; Thumb, MGr., 192; Jannaris, Gr., App., vi, 13f.), = ὅπως, ὥς;
__(a) in indirect discourse: with indic., Mat.6:28, Mrk.12:41, Luk.8:36, Jhn.9:15, Act.9:27, al.; with subjc., Mrk.11:18, Luk.12:11;
__(b) in exclamations: Mat.21:20, Mrk.10:23, 24 Luk.12:50 18:24, Jhn.11:36.
(AS)
1. prop., in direct questions, how?: with indic., Mat.12:29, Mrk.3:23, Luk.11:18, Jhn.3:4, al.; καὶ π., Mrk.4:13, Luk.20:44; π. οὖν, Mat.12:26; π. οὐ, Mat.16:11, Luk.12:56; in deliberative questions (cf. Bl., §64, 6), with subjc., Mat.23:33 26:54; π. οὖν, Rom.10:14; π. δέ, Rom.10:14, 15; before ἄν, with optative, Act.8:31.
2. As sometimes in cl. but more frequently and increasingly so in late writers (see WM, §57, 2; Bl., §70, 2; Thumb, MGr., 192; Jannaris, Gr., App., vi, 13f.), = ὅπως, ὥς;
__(a) in indirect discourse: with indic., Mat.6:28, Mrk.12:41, Luk.8:36, Jhn.9:15, Act.9:27, al.; with subjc., Mrk.11:18, Luk.12:11;
__(b) in exclamations: Mat.21:20, Mrk.10:23, 24 Luk.12:50 18:24, Jhn.11:36.
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G4459 appears in 102 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- how89
- be5
- mean4
- can1
- manner1
- that1
- then1
First verses
- Matthew 6:28And why take ye thought for raiment? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin:
- Matthew 7:4Or how wilt thou say to thy brother, Let me pull out the mote out of thine eye; and, behold, a beam is in thine own eye?
- Matthew 10:19But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak.
- Matthew 12:4How he entered into the house of God, and did eat the shewbread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests?
- Matthew 12:26And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand?
- Matthew 12:29Or else how can one enter into a strong man’s house, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his house.
- Matthew 12:34O generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good things? for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh.
- Matthew 16:11How is it that ye do not understand that I spake it not to you concerning bread, that ye should beware of the leaven of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees?
- Matthew 21:20And when the disciples saw it, they marvelled, saying, How soon is the fig tree withered away!
- Matthew 22:12And he saith unto him, Friend, how camest thou in hither not having a wedding garment? And he was speechless.
- Matthew 22:43He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying,
- Matthew 22:45If David then call him Lord, how is he his son?
- Matthew 23:33Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?
- Matthew 26:54But how then shall the scriptures be fulfilled, that thus it must be?
- Mark 2:26How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high priest, and did eat the shewbread, which is not lawful to eat but for the priests, and gave also to them which were with him?
- Mark 3:23And he called them unto him, and said unto them in parables, How can Satan cast out Satan?
- Mark 4:13And he said unto them, Know ye not this parable? and how then will ye know all parables?
- Mark 4:40And he said unto them, Why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye have no faith?
- Mark 5:16And they that saw it told them how it befell to him that was possessed with the devil, and also concerning the swine.
- Mark 8:21And he said unto them, How is it that ye do not understand?
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
πῶς,
Ionic dialect κῶς, interrogative adverb of Manner, how? [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.123, etc.)]; sometimes to express displeasure, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4.26, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 391, “Ph.” 1031, “Tr.” 192)]; to express astonishment or doubt, π. εἶπα; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 798, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 407, etc.)]; π. λέγει; [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 1407)]; π. φῄ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 268, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 575)]; π. τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξα; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 793)]; π. τοῦτ᾽ εἶπες α; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 309c)]; also π. μὴ φῶμεν..; surely we must, [Refs ([prev. author] “Tht.” 161e.)]
b in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, δίκαια— Answ. π. δίκαι; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 832)]; μὴ δίκαιος ὤν—Answ. π. μὴ δίκαιο; [Refs ([prev. author] “Tr.” 412)]; συμβολάς—Answ. π. συμβολά; [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Alexander Rhetor 143)]; πῶς alone, how so, π., ὅς γε..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1386.)]
2 with a second interrogative in the same clause, π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε.. ἥκετ; how and by what ship..? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 1543; τί τἀμὰ—π. ἔχει—θεσπίσματ; [prev. work] 873)]; π. τί τοῦτο λέγει; how say you and what? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 22b, compare “Tht.” 146d, 208e, etc.)]
3 with genitive modi, π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομε; how are we come off in it? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 751; π. ἔχει πλήθους ἐπισκοπεῖ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 451c.)]
4 with Verbs of selling, how? at what price? π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιο; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 758, compare “Eq.” 480)]; τὰ δ᾽ ἄλφιθ᾽ ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλου;—Answ. τεττάρων δραχμῶν.. τὸν κόφινον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Strattis Comicus 13.)]
II with other Particles, π. ἂν..; π. κε (ν)..; how possibly..? π. ἂν ἔπειτ᾽ ἀπὸ σεῖο.. λιποίμην οἶο; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.437, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.65, etc.)]; π. ἂν γένοιτ᾽ ἂν.. ποδῶν ἔκμακτρο; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 534)]: so with indicative, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.202, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 96 (Lyric poetry), etc.)]
II.b in Trag., π. ἄν with optative is frequently used to express a wish, O how might it be? i.e. would that it might..! π. ἂν θάνοιμ; π. ἂν ὀλοίμη; etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 388 (Lyric poetry), 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 796 (Lyric poetry), compare “Hipp.” 208 (_anapaest meter_), 345)]; rare in Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 22)] (a trace of this usage appears in [LXX+8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.195): in later Prose, π. ἂν γένοιτο ἑσπέρ; LXX.Deu.28.67)]; also with aorist subjunctive (without ἄν), π. κοιμηθ; [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 9.40)]; π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφαν; [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Epicteti Dissertationes” 4.10.10)]; with present, π. μὴ χρῄζ; M.Ant. [prev. cited]
II.2 π. ἄρα..; in reply, how then? π. τ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἴω..; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.188, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.22, “hymnus ad Apollinem” 19, 207.)]
II.3 π. γὰρ..; also in reply, as if something had gone before, [that cannot be], for how can..? [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.123, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.337, etc.)]; π. γὰρ κάτοιδ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 250, compare 1383; see below 111.1.)]
II.4 π. δὲ..; to introduce a strong objection, π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές..; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.481, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.31)]; δόξει δὲ π.; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 261.)]
II.5 π. δ; how in the world? π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμε; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.351, compare 18.364, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 543, etc.)]; also π. γὰρ δή..; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 16.70)]; π. δῆτα..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 622, 1211, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 79, etc.)]
II.6 π. καὶ..; just how..? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 515, “Ph.” 1354, etc.)]; π. δὲ καὶ..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 721, see at {καί} 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 6)]; but καὶ π...; to introduce an objection, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1348, see at {καί} 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 11.2: hence καὶ π.)]; alone, but how? impossible! [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.134c, “Tht.” 163d, etc.)]
II.7 π. οὐ..; how not so..? i.e. surely it is so.. , π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.66, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 398, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.273.)]
II.8 π. οὖν..; like{π. ἄρα.}.; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 297, 340, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 568, etc.)]; π. ἂν οὖν.. with optative, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 243, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 98.)]
II.9 π. ποτε..; how ever..? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1210 (Lyric poetry), “Ph.” 687 (Lyric poetry).)]
III πῶς followed by several of the abovenamed Particles is frequently used in elliptical sentences, as,
III.1 π. γά; inserted parenthesis in a negative sentence, for how is it possible? how can or could it be? hence in emphatic denial, κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ᾽ ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ᾽ αὖ σύ· π. γά; [Refs ([prev. author] “El.” 911)]; οὐκ ἀπορῶν (π. γά;), ὅς γε.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.312, compare 21.217, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Sophista” 263c, etc.)]; οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών (π. γὰρ ἄ;), ὅστις.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.27)]; π. γὰρ ο; how can it but be? i.e. it must be so, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 754, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1307, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 160c, +others)]; π. γά; (i.e. ἄλλως ἔχει) is so used in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 279.)]
III.2 π. δ; how so? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 601, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 664, 673, etc.)]; π. δῆτ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 469b)]; π. δα; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1212.)]
III.3 π. δ᾽ ο; like{π. γὰρ οὔ}; (see.[Refs 5th c.BC+ (above 1), 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 153b, “R.” 457a)]; π. δ᾽ οὐχ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1015, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 1027; parenthetically, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “OT” 567)]; π. δ᾽ οὐκ ἄν..; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 759.)]
III.4 π. οὖ; how then? how next? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 1376, “Hipp.” 598, 1261, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.124)]; π. οὖν ἄν..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.64.)]
III.5 π. δοκεῖ; parenthesis, in conversation, how think you? hence (losing all interrogative force),= λίαν, wonderfully, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 742, “Nu.” 881, “Ach.” 24; also π. οἴει σφόδρα [prev. author] “Ra.” 54; compare δοκέω 1.2.)]
IV π. in indirect questions for ὅπως, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 677, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 991 (_anapaest meter_), 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 614, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.36, etc.; ἐθαύμαζον ἂν π... ἔδεισαν “IG” 12(3).174.28 (Cnidus, Epist.Aug.); ζητηθήσεται π. ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο ἀληθές ἐστι 2nd c.AD: Sextus Empiricus Philosophus “adversus Mathematicos” 8.16.)]
V in exclamations, ὦ π. πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις τὸ σύνολον [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Philemo Comicus 2)]; π. παραχρῆμα ἐξηράνθη.. ! [NT (NT.Matt.21.20)]; π. δυσκόλως.. ! [NT (NT.Mark.10.23.)]
Ionic dialect κῶς, interrogative adverb of Manner, how? [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.123, etc.)]; sometimes to express displeasure, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4.26, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 391, “Ph.” 1031, “Tr.” 192)]; to express astonishment or doubt, π. εἶπα; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 798, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 407, etc.)]; π. λέγει; [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 1407)]; π. φῄ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 268, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 575)]; π. τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξα; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 793)]; π. τοῦτ᾽ εἶπες α; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 309c)]; also π. μὴ φῶμεν..; surely we must, [Refs ([prev. author] “Tht.” 161e.)]
b in dialogue, to ask explanation, with a repetition of a word used by the previous speaker, δίκαια— Answ. π. δίκαι; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 832)]; μὴ δίκαιος ὤν—Answ. π. μὴ δίκαιο; [Refs ([prev. author] “Tr.” 412)]; συμβολάς—Answ. π. συμβολά; [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Alexander Rhetor 143)]; πῶς alone, how so, π., ὅς γε..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1386.)]
2 with a second interrogative in the same clause, π. ἐκ τίνος νεώς ποτε.. ἥκετ; how and by what ship..? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 1543; τί τἀμὰ—π. ἔχει—θεσπίσματ; [prev. work] 873)]; π. τί τοῦτο λέγει; how say you and what? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 22b, compare “Tht.” 146d, 208e, etc.)]
3 with genitive modi, π. ἀγῶνος ἥκομε; how are we come off in it? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 751; π. ἔχει πλήθους ἐπισκοπεῖ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 451c.)]
4 with Verbs of selling, how? at what price? π. ὁ σῖτος ὤνιο; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 758, compare “Eq.” 480)]; τὰ δ᾽ ἄλφιθ᾽ ὑμῖν π. ἐπώλου;—Answ. τεττάρων δραχμῶν.. τὸν κόφινον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Strattis Comicus 13.)]
II with other Particles, π. ἂν..; π. κε (ν)..; how possibly..? π. ἂν ἔπειτ᾽ ἀπὸ σεῖο.. λιποίμην οἶο; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.437, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.65, etc.)]; π. ἂν γένοιτ᾽ ἂν.. ποδῶν ἔκμακτρο; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 534)]: so with indicative, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.202, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 96 (Lyric poetry), etc.)]
II.b in Trag., π. ἄν with optative is frequently used to express a wish, O how might it be? i.e. would that it might..! π. ἂν θάνοιμ; π. ἂν ὀλοίμη; etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 388 (Lyric poetry), 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 796 (Lyric poetry), compare “Hipp.” 208 (_anapaest meter_), 345)]; rare in Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 22)] (a trace of this usage appears in [LXX+8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 15.195): in later Prose, π. ἂν γένοιτο ἑσπέρ; LXX.Deu.28.67)]; also with aorist subjunctive (without ἄν), π. κοιμηθ; [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 9.40)]; π. μή μοι μέγας λέων ἐπιφαν; [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Epicteti Dissertationes” 4.10.10)]; with present, π. μὴ χρῄζ; M.Ant. [prev. cited]
II.2 π. ἄρα..; in reply, how then? π. τ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἴω..; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 18.188, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.22, “hymnus ad Apollinem” 19, 207.)]
II.3 π. γὰρ..; also in reply, as if something had gone before, [that cannot be], for how can..? [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.123, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.337, etc.)]; π. γὰρ κάτοιδ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 250, compare 1383; see below 111.1.)]
II.4 π. δὲ..; to introduce a strong objection, π. δὲ σὺ νῦν μέμονας, κύον ἀδδεές..; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.481, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 18.31)]; δόξει δὲ π.; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 261.)]
II.5 π. δ; how in the world? π. δὴ φῂς πολέμοιο μεθιέμε; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.351, compare 18.364, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 543, etc.)]; also π. γὰρ δή..; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 16.70)]; π. δῆτα..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 622, 1211, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 79, etc.)]
II.6 π. καὶ..; just how..? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 515, “Ph.” 1354, etc.)]; π. δὲ καὶ..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 721, see at {καί} 5th c.BC: Bacchylides Lyricus 6)]; but καὶ π...; to introduce an objection, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1348, see at {καί} 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 11.2: hence καὶ π.)]; alone, but how? impossible! [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.134c, “Tht.” 163d, etc.)]
II.7 π. οὐ..; how not so..? i.e. surely it is so.. , π. οὐ δεινὰ εἴργασθ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.66, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 398, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.273.)]
II.8 π. οὖν..; like{π. ἄρα.}.; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 297, 340, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 568, etc.)]; π. ἂν οὖν.. with optative, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 243, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 98.)]
II.9 π. ποτε..; how ever..? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1210 (Lyric poetry), “Ph.” 687 (Lyric poetry).)]
III πῶς followed by several of the abovenamed Particles is frequently used in elliptical sentences, as,
III.1 π. γά; inserted parenthesis in a negative sentence, for how is it possible? how can or could it be? hence in emphatic denial, κἀγὼ μὲν οὐκ ἔδρασα, τοῦτ᾽ ἐπίσταμαι, οὐδ᾽ αὖ σύ· π. γά; [Refs ([prev. author] “El.” 911)]; οὐκ ἀπορῶν (π. γά;), ὅς γε.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.312, compare 21.217, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Sophista” 263c, etc.)]; οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν καταφυγών (π. γὰρ ἄ;), ὅστις.. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.27)]; π. γὰρ ο; how can it but be? i.e. it must be so, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 754, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1307, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 160c, +others)]; π. γά; (i.e. ἄλλως ἔχει) is so used in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 279.)]
III.2 π. δ; how so? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 601, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 664, 673, etc.)]; π. δῆτ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 469b)]; π. δα; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 1212.)]
III.3 π. δ᾽ ο; like{π. γὰρ οὔ}; (see.[Refs 5th c.BC+ (above 1), 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Theaetetus” 153b, “R.” 457a)]; π. δ᾽ οὐχ; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1015, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 1027; parenthetically, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “OT” 567)]; π. δ᾽ οὐκ ἄν..; [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 759.)]
III.4 π. οὖ; how then? how next? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 1376, “Hipp.” 598, 1261, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.124)]; π. οὖν ἄν..; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.64.)]
III.5 π. δοκεῖ; parenthesis, in conversation, how think you? hence (losing all interrogative force),= λίαν, wonderfully, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 742, “Nu.” 881, “Ach.” 24; also π. οἴει σφόδρα [prev. author] “Ra.” 54; compare δοκέω 1.2.)]
IV π. in indirect questions for ὅπως, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 677, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 991 (_anapaest meter_), 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 614, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.36, etc.; ἐθαύμαζον ἂν π... ἔδεισαν “IG” 12(3).174.28 (Cnidus, Epist.Aug.); ζητηθήσεται π. ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο ἀληθές ἐστι 2nd c.AD: Sextus Empiricus Philosophus “adversus Mathematicos” 8.16.)]
V in exclamations, ὦ π. πονηρόν ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου φύσις τὸ σύνολον [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Philemo Comicus 2)]; π. παραχρῆμα ἐξηράνθη.. ! [NT (NT.Matt.21.20)]; π. δυσκόλως.. ! [NT (NT.Mark.10.23.)]