Strong G4089πικρός
bitter
- Transliteration
- pikros
- Pronunciation
- pik-ros'
- Morphology
- Greek Adjective
Definition
Perhaps from G4078 (through the idea of piercing);
sharp (pungent) that is acrid (literally or figuratively): - bitter.
sharp (pungent) that is acrid (literally or figuratively): - bitter.
Detailed definition
πικρός, -ά, -όν
(poët. in cl.), [in LXX chiefly for מַר;]
1. sharp, pointed.
2. sharp to the senses; of taste, bitter: opposite to γλυκύ, Jas.3:11; metaphorically, harsh, bitter: Jas.3:14
(AS)
(poët. in cl.), [in LXX chiefly for מַר;]
1. sharp, pointed.
2. sharp to the senses; of taste, bitter: opposite to γλυκύ, Jas.3:11; metaphorically, harsh, bitter: Jas.3:14
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G4089 appears in 2 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- bitter2
First verses
- James 3:11Doth a fountain send forth at the same place sweet water and bitter?
- James 3:14But if ye have bitter envying and strife in your hearts, glory not, and lie not against the truth.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Detailed Greek dictionary
πικρός, ά, όν,
poetry also ός, όν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.406)]:—properly pointed, sharp, keen, ὀϊστός [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.118, +others; βέλεμνα 22.206; γλωχίς 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 681: _metaphorically_, γλώσσης πικροῖς κέντροισι 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 1288.)]
II generally, sharp to the sense:
II.1 of taste, pungent, ῥίζα [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.846; ἅλμη 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.323; δάκρυον (variant for{πυκνόν}) 4.153)]; of salt water, opposed to γλυκύς, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.52, compare 7.35)]; ἁλμυρὸς καὶ π. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 705a)]; πριγλία π. [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“PCair.Zen.” 82.8 (3rd c.BC))]; ἀπ᾽ ὄμφακος πικρᾶς [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 970)]; ὑγρότης π., opposed to ὀξεῖα, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Meno Medicus “Iatrika” 5.13)]; also of smell, pungent, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.406; πικρὸν ὀδωδώς 4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 3.59. (This sense prevails in the derived and _compound_ words.))]
II.2 of feeling, sharp, keen, ὠδῖνες [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.271, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 41.)]
II.3 of sound, piercing, shrill, οἰμωγά [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 189 (Lyric poetry); φθόγγος [prev. author] “OC” 1610)]; γόοι, ὄδυρμα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 883, “Tr.” 1227 (Lyric poetry); πικροτάτη ὄψ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 805 (Lyric poetry).)]
III metaphorically,
III.1 of things, bitter, especially of what yields pain instead of expected pleasure, frequently in threats, μὴ τάχα πικρὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον ἵκηαι (variant{ἴδηαι}) [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.448, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 1045, “Th.” 883 (Lyric poetry), 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 399, “IA” 955, “Ba.” 357, “Cyc.” 589; π. Σίγειον κατηγόμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 355; τὸ πὰρ δίκαν γλυκὺ πικροτάτα μένει τελευτά 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 7(6).48, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 745 (Lyric poetry))]; τιμωρία, ἀγῶνες, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Pers.” 473, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1239)]; δύαι, χεῖμα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 180 (Lyric poetry), “Ag.” 198 (Lyric poetry); πικρότερ᾽ ἀχέων [prev. author] “Supp.” 875 (Lyric poetry); λόγοι 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 481; πικροτάτου χρυσοῦ φύλαξ [prev. author] “Hec.” 772; τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον γλυκὺ πικρῷ μεμειγμένον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 46c; ἔχει τι τὸ π. τῆς γεωργίας γλυκύ 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 795)]: with infinitive, μὴ λίαν πικρὸν εἰπεῖν ᾖ [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 1.26.)]
III.2 so of persons, probably in [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica “Papyrus fragments” in E. Diehl, 4.1 (_comparative_))]; γλυκὺν ὧδε φίλοις ἐχθροῖσι δὲ π. [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 13.5, compare 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 301, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 234, “Eu.” 152 (Lyric poetry), etc.; ἔς τινας 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.123: _absolutely_, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 739, “Th” 940(Lyric poetry))]; π. θεοῖς hateful to them, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 254; π. πολίταις 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 224, compare “Supp.” 1222)]; ἐμοὶ π. τέθνηκεν ἢ κείνοις γλυκύς his death is matter of sorrow to me, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 966)]; δαίμων π., of untimely death (Latin acerbus), [Refs (Inscriptiones Graecae 3.1338.)]
III.3 embittered, angry, πικρὰ ὄρνις [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 423.)]
III.4 relentless, οὐδὲν πικρότερον τῆς ἀνάγκης [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.2.4)]; spiteful, mean, vindictive, βάσκανον καὶ πικρὸν καὶ κακόηθες οὐδέν ἐστι πολίτευμα ἐμόν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.108; π. καὶ συκοφάντης [prev. author] 25.45, compare 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Rhetorica” 1368b21, “EN” 1126a19)]: in Comedy texts of old men, σκυθρός, π., φειδωλός [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 10, compare 825, 843, “Georg.fragment” 3.)] adverb -ρῶς pedantically, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Lysia” 6)]; with rigid accuracy, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Apollonius Citiensis Medicus 3, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.659f.)]
IV adverb -ρῶς harshly, bitterly, vindictively, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 197, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 990; π. ἐξετάσαι 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.27, 18.265)]; π. ἔχειν τισί, πρός τινας, [NT+5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 10.54, “Ep.” 3.10; π. φέρειν τι 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Ion” 610, compare “Andr.” 190; ἔκλαυσε π. NT.Matt.26.75)]: comparative -ότερον[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Μονόστιχοι - Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum” 659, etc.)]: superlative -ότατα[Refs 8th c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 1.72.3. [ῑ in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] and Epic dialect; ῐ frequently in Trag., as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 473, “Ag.” 970, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 500, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 772, and in 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 8.74)]: ι therefore is not long by nature as in μικρός.]
poetry also ός, όν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.406)]:—properly pointed, sharp, keen, ὀϊστός [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.118, +others; βέλεμνα 22.206; γλωχίς 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 681: _metaphorically_, γλώσσης πικροῖς κέντροισι 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 1288.)]
II generally, sharp to the sense:
II.1 of taste, pungent, ῥίζα [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.846; ἅλμη 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.323; δάκρυον (variant for{πυκνόν}) 4.153)]; of salt water, opposed to γλυκύς, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.52, compare 7.35)]; ἁλμυρὸς καὶ π. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 705a)]; πριγλία π. [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (“PCair.Zen.” 82.8 (3rd c.BC))]; ἀπ᾽ ὄμφακος πικρᾶς [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 970)]; ὑγρότης π., opposed to ὀξεῖα, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Meno Medicus “Iatrika” 5.13)]; also of smell, pungent, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.406; πικρὸν ὀδωδώς 4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 3.59. (This sense prevails in the derived and _compound_ words.))]
II.2 of feeling, sharp, keen, ὠδῖνες [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.271, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 41.)]
II.3 of sound, piercing, shrill, οἰμωγά [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 189 (Lyric poetry); φθόγγος [prev. author] “OC” 1610)]; γόοι, ὄδυρμα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 883, “Tr.” 1227 (Lyric poetry); πικροτάτη ὄψ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 805 (Lyric poetry).)]
III metaphorically,
III.1 of things, bitter, especially of what yields pain instead of expected pleasure, frequently in threats, μὴ τάχα πικρὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ Κύπρον ἵκηαι (variant{ἴδηαι}) [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.448, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 1045, “Th.” 883 (Lyric poetry), 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 399, “IA” 955, “Ba.” 357, “Cyc.” 589; π. Σίγειον κατηγόμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 355; τὸ πὰρ δίκαν γλυκὺ πικροτάτα μένει τελευτά 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 7(6).48, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 745 (Lyric poetry))]; τιμωρία, ἀγῶνες, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Pers.” 473, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1239)]; δύαι, χεῖμα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 180 (Lyric poetry), “Ag.” 198 (Lyric poetry); πικρότερ᾽ ἀχέων [prev. author] “Supp.” 875 (Lyric poetry); λόγοι 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 481; πικροτάτου χρυσοῦ φύλαξ [prev. author] “Hec.” 772; τὸ δὴ λεγόμενον γλυκὺ πικρῷ μεμειγμένον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 46c; ἔχει τι τὸ π. τῆς γεωργίας γλυκύ 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 795)]: with infinitive, μὴ λίαν πικρὸν εἰπεῖν ᾖ [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 1.26.)]
III.2 so of persons, probably in [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th-6th c.BC: Sappho Lyrica “Papyrus fragments” in E. Diehl, 4.1 (_comparative_))]; γλυκὺν ὧδε φίλοις ἐχθροῖσι δὲ π. [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 13.5, compare 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 301, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 234, “Eu.” 152 (Lyric poetry), etc.; ἔς τινας 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.123: _absolutely_, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 739, “Th” 940(Lyric poetry))]; π. θεοῖς hateful to them, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 254; π. πολίταις 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 224, compare “Supp.” 1222)]; ἐμοὶ π. τέθνηκεν ἢ κείνοις γλυκύς his death is matter of sorrow to me, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 966)]; δαίμων π., of untimely death (Latin acerbus), [Refs (Inscriptiones Graecae 3.1338.)]
III.3 embittered, angry, πικρὰ ὄρνις [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 423.)]
III.4 relentless, οὐδὲν πικρότερον τῆς ἀνάγκης [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.2.4)]; spiteful, mean, vindictive, βάσκανον καὶ πικρὸν καὶ κακόηθες οὐδέν ἐστι πολίτευμα ἐμόν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.108; π. καὶ συκοφάντης [prev. author] 25.45, compare 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Rhetorica” 1368b21, “EN” 1126a19)]: in Comedy texts of old men, σκυθρός, π., φειδωλός [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 10, compare 825, 843, “Georg.fragment” 3.)] adverb -ρῶς pedantically, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Lysia” 6)]; with rigid accuracy, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Apollonius Citiensis Medicus 3, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.659f.)]
IV adverb -ρῶς harshly, bitterly, vindictively, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 197, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 990; π. ἐξετάσαι 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.27, 18.265)]; π. ἔχειν τισί, πρός τινας, [NT+5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 10.54, “Ep.” 3.10; π. φέρειν τι 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Ion” 610, compare “Andr.” 190; ἔκλαυσε π. NT.Matt.26.75)]: comparative -ότερον[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Μονόστιχοι - Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum” 659, etc.)]: superlative -ότατα[Refs 8th c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 1.72.3. [ῑ in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] and Epic dialect; ῐ frequently in Trag., as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 473, “Ag.” 970, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 500, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 772, and in 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 8.74)]: ι therefore is not long by nature as in μικρός.]