Strong G2556G2556Hκακός
evil/harm: harm
One of the 2 senses of Strong G2556
- Transliteration
- kakos
- Pronunciation
- kak-os'
- Morphology
- Greek Adjective
Definition
Apparently a primary word;
worthless (intrinsically such; whereas G4190 properly refers to effects) that is (subjectively) depraved or (objectively) injurious: - bad evil harm ill noisome wicked.
worthless (intrinsically such; whereas G4190 properly refers to effects) that is (subjectively) depraved or (objectively) injurious: - bad evil harm ill noisome wicked.
Detailed definition
κακός, -ή, -όν
[in LXX chiefly for רַע;]
1. in general, opposite to ἀγαθός, καλός, in various senses, bad, mean, base, worthless (cl.).
2. In ethical sense, base, evil, wicked: of persons, Mat.21:41 24:48, Php.3:2, Rev.2:2; διαλογισμοί, Mrk.7:21; ὁμιλίαι, 1Co.15:33; ἐπιθυμία (Pro.12:12), Col.3:5; ἔργον, Rom.13:3; neut., κακόν, τὸ κ., evil: Jhn.18:23, Act.23:9, Rom.7:21 14:20 16:19, 1Co.13:5, Heb.5:14, 1Pe.3:10-11, 3Jn.11; pl., Rom.1:30, 1Co.10:6, 1Ti.6:10, Jas.1:13; κ. (τὸ, τὰ κ.) ποιεῖν (πράσσειν), Mat.27:23, Mrk.15:14, Luk.23:22, Jhn.18:30, Rom.3:8 7:19 13:4, 2Co.13:7, 1Pe.3:12; κατεργάζεσθαι, Rom.2:9; of wrongs inflicted, Act.9:13, Rom.12:17, 21 13:10, 1Th.5:15, 2Ti.4:14, 1Pe.3:9.
3. pernicious, harmful, evil: Luk.16:25, Act.16:28 28:5, Tit.1:12, Jas.3:8, Rev.16:2 (Cremer, 325, 741).
† SYN.: see: (ἄθεσμος) (AS)
[in LXX chiefly for רַע;]
1. in general, opposite to ἀγαθός, καλός, in various senses, bad, mean, base, worthless (cl.).
2. In ethical sense, base, evil, wicked: of persons, Mat.21:41 24:48, Php.3:2, Rev.2:2; διαλογισμοί, Mrk.7:21; ὁμιλίαι, 1Co.15:33; ἐπιθυμία (Pro.12:12), Col.3:5; ἔργον, Rom.13:3; neut., κακόν, τὸ κ., evil: Jhn.18:23, Act.23:9, Rom.7:21 14:20 16:19, 1Co.13:5, Heb.5:14, 1Pe.3:10-11, 3Jn.11; pl., Rom.1:30, 1Co.10:6, 1Ti.6:10, Jas.1:13; κ. (τὸ, τὰ κ.) ποιεῖν (πράσσειν), Mat.27:23, Mrk.15:14, Luk.23:22, Jhn.18:30, Rom.3:8 7:19 13:4, 2Co.13:7, 1Pe.3:12; κατεργάζεσθαι, Rom.2:9; of wrongs inflicted, Act.9:13, Rom.12:17, 21 13:10, 1Th.5:15, 2Ti.4:14, 1Pe.3:9.
3. pernicious, harmful, evil: Luk.16:25, Act.16:28 28:5, Tit.1:12, Jas.3:8, Rev.16:2 (Cremer, 325, 741).
† SYN.: see: (ἄθεσμος) (AS)
In the Bible
Strong G2556H appears in 6 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- evil2
- harm2
- noisome1
- thing1
First verses
- Luke 16:25But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented.
- Acts 16:28But Paul cried with a loud voice, saying, Do thyself no harm: for we are all here.
- Acts 28:5And he shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no harm.
- 1 Corinthians 13:5Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil;
- 2 Timothy 4:14Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil: the Lord reward him according to his works:
- Revelation 16:2And the first went, and poured out his vial upon the earth; and there fell a noisome and grievous sore upon the men which had the mark of the beast, and upon them which worshipped his image.
Occurrences by book
Detailed Greek dictionary
κᾰκός, ή, όν,
A bad:
A.I of persons,
A.I.1 of appearance, ugly, εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.316, compare 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 8.49.3.)]
A.I.2 of birth, ill-born, mean, γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων.., ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.64; Ζεὺς δ᾽ αὐτὸς νέμει ὄλβον.. ἐσθλοῖς ἠδὲ κακοῖσι 6.189; οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν 22.415; οὐδ᾽ ἐὰν.. φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανῇ κακή 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1063; κακός τ᾽ ὢν κἀκ κακῶν [prev. work] 1397.)]
A.I.3 of courage, craven, base, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.365, 6.489; κακοῦ τρέπεται Χρὼς ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ (called δειλὸς ἀνήρ in the line above) 13.279)]; Ἕκτωρ σε κ. καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φήσει [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8.153, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.375; κ. καὶ ἀνήνορα 10.301; οἵτινες.. ἐγένοντο ἄνδρες κ. ἢ ἀγαθοὶ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίῃ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.14; κ. καὶ ἄθυμος [prev. author] 7.11)]; οὐδαμῶν κακίονες[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 104; κακοὺς πρὸς αἰχμήν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1306; κακή τ᾽ ἐς ἀλκὴν καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾶν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 264; οὐδενὶ ἐπιτρέψοντας κακῷ εἶναι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.2.31.)]
A.I.4 bad of his kind, i. e. worthless, sorry, unskilled, ἡνίοχοι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.487)]; [τοξότης] ἢ κ. ἢ ἀγαθός[Refs 8th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 632; νομῆες 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.246)]; κ. ἀλήτης a bad beggar,[Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 578; ἰατρός 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 473)]; κυβερνήτης, ναύτης, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 880, “Andr.” 457; μάγειρος 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 265e: with _accusative_ modi, πάντα γὰρ οὐ κακός εἰμι)] I am not bad in all things, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.214; κ. γνώμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 910: also with _dative_, κακοὶ γνώμαισι [prev. author] “Aj.” 964)]: with infinitive, κ. μανθάνειν [Refs ([prev. author] “OT” 545)]; [νῆσος] φυτεύεσθαι κακή [Refs (“Tragica Adespota” 393)]; compare 11.
A.I.5 in moral sense, base, evil, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.384, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 240)]; opposed to Χρηστός, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 520; ὦ κακῶν κάκιστε [prev. author] “OT” 334, “Ph.” 984; πλεῖστον κάκιστος [prev. author] “OC” 744; κ. πρός τινας 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.86; εἰς φίλους 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 424 codices; περὶ τὰ Χρήματα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Clitopho” 407c.)]
A.I.6 wretched, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.42.)]
A.II of things, evil, pernicious, frequently in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc., as δαίμων, θάνατος, μοῖρα, αἶσα, κῆρες, νοῦσος, ἕλκος, φάρμακα, ὀδύναι, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.64, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.173, 13.602, 1.418, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.316, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.10, 2.723, 22.94, 5.766)]; Χόλος, ἔρις, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.206, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.161)]; πόλεμος, ἔπος, ἔργα, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.82, 24.767, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.67, +others)]; ἦμαρ, ἄνεμος, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.251, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.109)]; of omens and the like, unlucky, ὄρνις, ὄναρ, σῆμα, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.219, 10.496, 22.30: also in Trag., κ. τύχη, δαίμων, μόρος, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 328, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 354, 369, etc.)]; of words, abusive, foul, κ. λόγοι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 259, compare “Tr.” 461)]; κ. ποιμήν, i.e. the storm, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 657)]: Astrology texts, unlucky, τόποι [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Hephaestio Astrologus 1.12)]; κ. τύχη, name for the sixth region, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Paulus Alexandrinus Astrologus “M.” 1.)]
B κακόν, τό, and κακά, τά, as substantive, evil, ill, δίδου δ᾽ ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.63; ἀθάνατον κακόν 12.118; ἐκ μεγάλων κακῶν πεφευγέναι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.65)]; so κ. ἄμαχον, ἄπρηκτα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 2.76, “I.” 8(7).8)]; ἔκπαγλον, ἄφερτον, ἀμήχανον, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 862, 1102, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 447, etc.)]; κακὸν ἥκει τινί there's trouble in store for some one, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 552)]; δυοῖν ἀποκρίνας κακοῖν the least of two evils, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 640, compare “OC” 496)]; κακῶν Ἰλιάς, see at {Ἰλιά; κακόν τι ῥέξαι τινά} to do harm or ill to any one, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.195, etc.; πολλὰ κάκ᾽ ἀνθρώποισιν ἐώργει 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.289)]; κακὰ φέρειν, τεύχειν τινί, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.304, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 265)]; κακόν τι (or κακὰ) ποιεῖν τινα (see. δράω, ποιέω, ἐργάζομαι); κακὸν πάσχειν ὑπό τινος to suffer evil from one, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.48, etc.: in Trag. frequently repeated, κακὰ κακῶν, ={τὰ κάκιστα}, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1238 (Lyric poetry); εἴ τι πρεσβύτερον ἔτι κακοῦ κακόν [prev. author] “OT” 1365 (Lyric poetry); δεινὰ πρὸς κακοῖς κακά [prev. author] “OC” 595, compare “Ant.” 1281; δόσιν κακὰν κακῶν κακοῖς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 1041 (Lyric poetry).)]
B.2 κακά, τά, evil words, reproaches, πολλά τε καὶ κακὰ λέγειν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.61, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 571, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1244, “Ph.” 382, etc.)]
B.3 Philos., κακόν, τό, Evil, [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (Stoic. 3.18, +others, 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.8.1, +others)]
B.4 of a person, pest, nuisance, τουτὶ παρέξει τὸ κ. ἡμῖν πράγματα [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 931)]; also, comically, ὅσον συνείλεκται κακὸν ὀρνέων what a devil of a lot of birds, [Refs ([prev. work] 294.)]
C degrees of Comparison:
C.1 regular comparative in Epic dialect, κακώτερος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 6.275, 15.343, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 27.22, 3rd c.BC: Apollonius Rhodius Epicus 3.421, etc.)]: also in late Prose, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 3.62)]: irregular κακίων, ον [with ῐ], [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.277, 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 262, etc.)], with ῑ in Trag., except [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 546 (_anapaest meter_); κακῑότερος “Anthologia Graeca” 12.7 (from Strato).)]
C.2 superlative κάκιστος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc.--Cf. also Χείρων, Χείριστος, and ἥσσων, ἥκιστος.)]
D adverb κακῶς ill, ἢ εὖ ἦε κακῶς [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.253, etc.)]; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα to treat one ill; κακῶς ποιεῖν τι to hurt, damage a thing; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινά τι to do one any evil or harm; κ. πράσσειν to fare ill, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 266, etc.; κάκιον ἢ πρότερον πράττειν 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.11; κ. ἔχειν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 58, etc.)]; of illness, [NT+4th c.BC+ (NT.Matt.4.24; rarely κακῶς πάσχειν 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 759, 1041 (_anapaest meter_))]; Χρῆν Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.8; κ. ὄλοισθε 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1035, etc.)]; with play on two senses, ὡς κ. ἔχει ἅπας ἰατρός, ἂν κ. μηδεὶς ἔχῃ [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC(?): Philemo Junior Comicus 2)]; κ. ἐρεῖν τινά, λέγειν τὴν πόλιν, [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Mimnermus Lyricus 7.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 503)]; κ. εἰδότες, ={ἀγνοοῦντες}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 2.3.13, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 8.32, compare 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Euxenippo” 33)]; κακῶς ἐκπέφευγα I have barely escaped, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.126)]: comparative κάκιον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.109, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 428, And.[same place], 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Menexenus” 236a, etc.)]: superlative κάκιστα [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1456, “Pax” 2, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 420b, etc.)]
D.2 adverb and adjective frequently coupled in Trag., Attic dialect, etc., κακὸν κακῶς νιν.. ἐκτρῖψαι βίον [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 248; κακὸς κακῶς ταφήσῃ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 446 (troch.); ἀπό σ᾽ ὀλῶ κακὸν κακῶς 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 65, compare “Eq.” 189, 190, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 32.6, 6th c.AD: Procopius Caesariensis Historicus “de Bello Persico” 1.24; κακοὺς κακῶς ἀπολέσει αὐτούς NT.Matt.21.41; κακοὺς κάκιστα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 839)]; in reversed order, ὥσπερ ἀξία κακῶς κακὴ θανεῖται [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1055)]; with intervening words, κακῶς.. ἀπόλλυσθαι κακούς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1369, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 268, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 2)]. (Perh. cognate with Avest. kasu-, comparative kasyah-, superlative kasišta- 'small', Lithuanian nukašëti 'grow feeble, thin', [Refs 1st c.BC+ (\{1st c.BC-1st c.AD\}: Germanicus Caesar Epigrammaticus)] hager.)
A bad:
A.I of persons,
A.I.1 of appearance, ugly, εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 10.316, compare 2nd c.AD: Pausanias Periegeta 8.49.3.)]
A.I.2 of birth, ill-born, mean, γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων.., ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.64; Ζεὺς δ᾽ αὐτὸς νέμει ὄλβον.. ἐσθλοῖς ἠδὲ κακοῖσι 6.189; οὐ κακὸν οὐδὲ μὲν ἐσθλόν 22.415; οὐδ᾽ ἐὰν.. φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανῇ κακή 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1063; κακός τ᾽ ὢν κἀκ κακῶν [prev. work] 1397.)]
A.I.3 of courage, craven, base, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.365, 6.489; κακοῦ τρέπεται Χρὼς ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ (called δειλὸς ἀνήρ in the line above) 13.279)]; Ἕκτωρ σε κ. καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φήσει [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8.153, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.375; κ. καὶ ἀνήνορα 10.301; οἵτινες.. ἐγένοντο ἄνδρες κ. ἢ ἀγαθοὶ ἐν τῇ ναυμαχίῃ 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.14; κ. καὶ ἄθυμος [prev. author] 7.11)]; οὐδαμῶν κακίονες[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 104; κακοὺς πρὸς αἰχμήν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1306; κακή τ᾽ ἐς ἀλκὴν καὶ σίδηρον εἰσορᾶν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 264; οὐδενὶ ἐπιτρέψοντας κακῷ εἶναι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.2.31.)]
A.I.4 bad of his kind, i. e. worthless, sorry, unskilled, ἡνίοχοι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 17.487)]; [τοξότης] ἢ κ. ἢ ἀγαθός[Refs 8th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 632; νομῆες 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.246)]; κ. ἀλήτης a bad beggar,[Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 578; ἰατρός 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 473)]; κυβερνήτης, ναύτης, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Supplices” 880, “Andr.” 457; μάγειρος 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 265e: with _accusative_ modi, πάντα γὰρ οὐ κακός εἰμι)] I am not bad in all things, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.214; κ. γνώμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 910: also with _dative_, κακοὶ γνώμαισι [prev. author] “Aj.” 964)]: with infinitive, κ. μανθάνειν [Refs ([prev. author] “OT” 545)]; [νῆσος] φυτεύεσθαι κακή [Refs (“Tragica Adespota” 393)]; compare 11.
A.I.5 in moral sense, base, evil, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.384, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 240)]; opposed to Χρηστός, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 520; ὦ κακῶν κάκιστε [prev. author] “OT” 334, “Ph.” 984; πλεῖστον κάκιστος [prev. author] “OC” 744; κ. πρός τινας 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.86; εἰς φίλους 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 424 codices; περὶ τὰ Χρήματα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Clitopho” 407c.)]
A.I.6 wretched, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.42.)]
A.II of things, evil, pernicious, frequently in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc., as δαίμων, θάνατος, μοῖρα, αἶσα, κῆρες, νοῦσος, ἕλκος, φάρμακα, ὀδύναι, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.64, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.173, 13.602, 1.418, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.316, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.10, 2.723, 22.94, 5.766)]; Χόλος, ἔρις, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.206, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.161)]; πόλεμος, ἔπος, ἔργα, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.82, 24.767, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.67, +others)]; ἦμαρ, ἄνεμος, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.251, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.109)]; of omens and the like, unlucky, ὄρνις, ὄναρ, σῆμα, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.219, 10.496, 22.30: also in Trag., κ. τύχη, δαίμων, μόρος, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 328, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 354, 369, etc.)]; of words, abusive, foul, κ. λόγοι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 259, compare “Tr.” 461)]; κ. ποιμήν, i.e. the storm, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 657)]: Astrology texts, unlucky, τόποι [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Hephaestio Astrologus 1.12)]; κ. τύχη, name for the sixth region, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Paulus Alexandrinus Astrologus “M.” 1.)]
B κακόν, τό, and κακά, τά, as substantive, evil, ill, δίδου δ᾽ ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.63; ἀθάνατον κακόν 12.118; ἐκ μεγάλων κακῶν πεφευγέναι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.65)]; so κ. ἄμαχον, ἄπρηκτα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 2.76, “I.” 8(7).8)]; ἔκπαγλον, ἄφερτον, ἀμήχανον, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 862, 1102, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 447, etc.)]; κακὸν ἥκει τινί there's trouble in store for some one, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 552)]; δυοῖν ἀποκρίνας κακοῖν the least of two evils, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 640, compare “OC” 496)]; κακῶν Ἰλιάς, see at {Ἰλιά; κακόν τι ῥέξαι τινά} to do harm or ill to any one, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.195, etc.; πολλὰ κάκ᾽ ἀνθρώποισιν ἐώργει 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.289)]; κακὰ φέρειν, τεύχειν τινί, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.304, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 265)]; κακόν τι (or κακὰ) ποιεῖν τινα (see. δράω, ποιέω, ἐργάζομαι); κακὸν πάσχειν ὑπό τινος to suffer evil from one, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.48, etc.: in Trag. frequently repeated, κακὰ κακῶν, ={τὰ κάκιστα}, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1238 (Lyric poetry); εἴ τι πρεσβύτερον ἔτι κακοῦ κακόν [prev. author] “OT” 1365 (Lyric poetry); δεινὰ πρὸς κακοῖς κακά [prev. author] “OC” 595, compare “Ant.” 1281; δόσιν κακὰν κακῶν κακοῖς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 1041 (Lyric poetry).)]
B.2 κακά, τά, evil words, reproaches, πολλά τε καὶ κακὰ λέγειν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.61, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 571, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1244, “Ph.” 382, etc.)]
B.3 Philos., κακόν, τό, Evil, [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (Stoic. 3.18, +others, 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.8.1, +others)]
B.4 of a person, pest, nuisance, τουτὶ παρέξει τὸ κ. ἡμῖν πράγματα [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 931)]; also, comically, ὅσον συνείλεκται κακὸν ὀρνέων what a devil of a lot of birds, [Refs ([prev. work] 294.)]
C degrees of Comparison:
C.1 regular comparative in Epic dialect, κακώτερος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 6.275, 15.343, 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 27.22, 3rd c.BC: Apollonius Rhodius Epicus 3.421, etc.)]: also in late Prose, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Alciphro Epistolographus 3.62)]: irregular κακίων, ον [with ῐ], [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.277, 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 262, etc.)], with ῑ in Trag., except [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Fragmenta” 546 (_anapaest meter_); κακῑότερος “Anthologia Graeca” 12.7 (from Strato).)]
C.2 superlative κάκιστος [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, etc.--Cf. also Χείρων, Χείριστος, and ἥσσων, ἥκιστος.)]
D adverb κακῶς ill, ἢ εὖ ἦε κακῶς [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.253, etc.)]; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα to treat one ill; κακῶς ποιεῖν τι to hurt, damage a thing; κακῶς ποιεῖν τινά τι to do one any evil or harm; κ. πράσσειν to fare ill, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 266, etc.; κάκιον ἢ πρότερον πράττειν 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.11; κ. ἔχειν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 58, etc.)]; of illness, [NT+4th c.BC+ (NT.Matt.4.24; rarely κακῶς πάσχειν 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 759, 1041 (_anapaest meter_))]; Χρῆν Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.8; κ. ὄλοισθε 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1035, etc.)]; with play on two senses, ὡς κ. ἔχει ἅπας ἰατρός, ἂν κ. μηδεὶς ἔχῃ [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC(?): Philemo Junior Comicus 2)]; κ. ἐρεῖν τινά, λέγειν τὴν πόλιν, [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Mimnermus Lyricus 7.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 503)]; κ. εἰδότες, ={ἀγνοοῦντες}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 2.3.13, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 8.32, compare 4th c.BC: Hyperides Orator “pro Euxenippo” 33)]; κακῶς ἐκπέφευγα I have barely escaped, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.126)]: comparative κάκιον [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.109, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 428, And.[same place], 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Menexenus” 236a, etc.)]: superlative κάκιστα [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1456, “Pax” 2, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 420b, etc.)]
D.2 adverb and adjective frequently coupled in Trag., Attic dialect, etc., κακὸν κακῶς νιν.. ἐκτρῖψαι βίον [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 248; κακὸς κακῶς ταφήσῃ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 446 (troch.); ἀπό σ᾽ ὀλῶ κακὸν κακῶς 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 65, compare “Eq.” 189, 190, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 32.6, 6th c.AD: Procopius Caesariensis Historicus “de Bello Persico” 1.24; κακοὺς κακῶς ἀπολέσει αὐτούς NT.Matt.21.41; κακοὺς κάκιστα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 839)]; in reversed order, ὥσπερ ἀξία κακῶς κακὴ θανεῖται [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1055)]; with intervening words, κακῶς.. ἀπόλλυσθαι κακούς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1369, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 268, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 2)]. (Perh. cognate with Avest. kasu-, comparative kasyah-, superlative kasišta- 'small', Lithuanian nukašëti 'grow feeble, thin', [Refs 1st c.BC+ (\{1st c.BC-1st c.AD\}: Germanicus Caesar Epigrammaticus)] hager.)