Strong G1894ἐπειδή
since
- Transliteration
- epeidē
- Pronunciation
- ep-i-day'
- Morphology
- Greek Conjunction
Definition
Detailed definition
ἐπει-δή
conj.;
1. of time, when now, after that: Luk.7:1 (WH, txt.).
2. Of cause, seeing that, forasmuch as: Luk.11:6, Act.13:46 (WH, txt., RV) Act.14:12 15:24, 1Co.1:21-22 14:16 15:21, Php.2:26.†
(AS)
conj.;
1. of time, when now, after that: Luk.7:1 (WH, txt.).
2. Of cause, seeing that, forasmuch as: Luk.11:6, Act.13:46 (WH, txt., RV) Act.14:12 15:24, 1Co.1:21-22 14:16 15:21, Php.2:26.†
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G1894 appears in 10 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- for3
- because2
- see2
- after1
- forasmuch1
- since1
First verses
- Matthew 21:46But when they sought to lay hands on him, they feared the multitude, because they took him for a prophet.
- Luke 11:6For a friend of mine in his journey is come to me, and I have nothing to set before him?
- Acts 13:46Then Paul and Barnabas waxed bold, and said, It was necessary that the word of God should first have been spoken to you: but seeing ye put it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of everlasting life, lo, we turn to the Gentiles.
- Acts 14:12And they called Barnabas, Jupiter; and Paul, Mercurius, because he was the chief speaker.
- Acts 15:24Forasmuch as we have heard, that certain which went out from us have troubled you with words, subverting your souls, saying, Ye must be circumcised, and keep the law: to whom we gave no such commandment:
- 1 Corinthians 1:21For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe.
- 1 Corinthians 1:22For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom:
- 1 Corinthians 14:16Else when thou shalt bless with the spirit, how shall he that occupieth the room of the unlearned say Amen at thy giving of thanks, seeing he understandeth not what thou sayest?
- 1 Corinthians 15:21For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead.
- Philippians 2:26For he longed after you all, and was full of heaviness, because that ye had heard that he had been sick.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
ἐπεί,
conjunction, both temporal and causal; also ἐπειδή, ἐπείτε. OF TIME (ἐπειδή is more frequently in this sense in Prose), after that, since, when, from [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus downwards:)]
I with Ind.,
I.1 of a definite occurrence in past time, mostly with aorist, ἐπεί π᾽ εὔξαντο after they had prayed, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.458; ἐπειδὴ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη Ἀρταξέρξης)]after [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator had died and 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus had succeeded, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.1.3)]: rarely with imperfect, ἐπειδὴ εἱστιώμεθ᾽ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 1354; ἐ. πόντον εἰσεβάλλομεν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 260; ἐ. ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.1.1: with)]pluperfect, ἐπειδὴ ἐξηπάτησθε.. after you had been deceived.., [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.42)]; but generally the aorist is found, the pluperfect being used only for special emphasis: with imperfect to express an action not yet complete, ἐπεὶ ὑπηντίαζεν ἡ φάλαγξ καὶ ἡ σάλπιγξ ἐφθέγξατο after the phalanx began to advance and the trumpet had sounded, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 6.5.27.)]
I.2 with implied reference to some later time, ἐ. or ἐπειδή, ={ἐξ οὗ}, from the time when, since, mostly with aorist, πολλὰ πλάγχθη, ἐ. ἔπερσε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.2)]; ἐπείτε παρέλαβον τὸν θρόνον, τοῦτο ἐφρόντιζον ever since I came to the throne, I had this in mind, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.8. ; ἐπειδήπερ ὑπέστη 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.68; δέκατον μὲν ἔτος τόδ᾽ ἐ... ἦραν 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 40: sometimes with)]present (used in perfect sense) and perfect, ἐ. δὲ φροῦδός ἐστι στρατός since the army is gone, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 15)]; ἐπείτε ὑπὸ τῷ Πέρσῃ εἰσί, πεπόνθασι τοιόνδε ever since they have been, now that they are.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.117.)]
II with Subj., ἄν being always added in Attic dialect Prose, and ἄν or κε generally in Poetry: ἐπεί with ἄν becomes ἐπήν (so in Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 1175, “Av.” 983), later ἐπάν (which see))], Ionic dialect ἐπεάν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (“Schwyzer” 800 (6th c.BC), 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.153, +others, ἐπήν 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ ἀγμῶν” 6, +others, and ἐπειδή with ἄν ἐπειδάν (which see); 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus has ἐπεί κε, ἐπήν (once ἐπεὶ ἄν 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.412):)]
II.1 referring to future time with future apodosis, τέκνα ἄξομεν.. ἐπὴν πτολίεθρον ἕλωμεν when we shall have taken the city, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.238; ἐ. κ᾽ ἀπὸ λαὸς ὄληται 11.764. compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.23; ἐπεάν περ ἡμίονοι τέκωσι, τότε τὸ τεῖχος ἁλώσεσθαι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.153)]; ταῦτ᾽, ἐπειδὰν περὶ τοῦ γένους εἴπω, τότ᾽ ἐρῶ I will speak of this, when I have spoken.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 57.16, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.3.29; ἐ. ἂν σύ γε πότμον ἐπίσπῃς 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.412)]; χρὴ δέ, ὅταν μὲν τιθῆσθε τοὺς νόμους,.. σκοπεῖν, ἐπειδὰν δὲ θῆσθε, φυλάττειν whenever you are enacting your laws,.. and after you have enacted them.., [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.34.)]
II.2 of repeated action, with a present apodosis, whenever, when once, δαμνᾷ, ἐ. κε λίπῃ ὀστέα θυμός [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.221, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.409)]; ἐπειδὰν ἡ ἐκφορὰ ᾖ.. ἄγουσι whenever the burial takes place they bring, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.34)]; ἐπειδὰν κρύψωσι γῇ.. λέγει when they have covered them with earth, [Refs ([prev. passage]: sometimes without ἄν or)]κε in Poets, ἐ. ἂρ βλέφαρ᾽ ἀμφικαλύψῃ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.86; ἐ. δὴ τόν γε δαμάσσεται.. ὀϊστός 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.478, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1225 (Lyric poetry), “Ant.” 1025.)]
II.3 like [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 1.2, δέκα ἡμερῶν ἐπειδὰν δόξῃ)] within ten days from the passing of the resolution, [Refs (“IG” 12.88.7.)]
III with Opt. (without ἄν):
III.1 referring to future time, ἐπειδὴ πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἔλθοι, ὁρᾶν οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἓν δύνασθαι (i.e. οὐκ οἴει); after he had come into the light.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 516a: 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus sometimes uses ἐπήν with _optative_ in same sense as ἐπεί, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.227, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.105 (codices), etc.)]
III.2 more frequently of repeated action, with a past apodosis, ἐ. ζεύξειεν.., δησάσκετο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.14; ἐπειδὴ δέ τι ἐμφάγοιεν, ἀνίσταντο 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.5.9; ἐ. πύθοιτο, ἐπῄνει [prev. author] “Cyr.” 5.3.55, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.38, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 59d, “Prt.” 315b.)]
III.3 in indirect speech after past tenses, representing a subjunctive in direct speech, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπεὶ διαβαίης, ἀπιέναι ἔφησθα (the direct form being ἐπὴν διαβῶ) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.2.27, compare 3.5.18, “Cyr.” 1.4.21)]; after optative in a final clause, ἐπορεύοντο, ὅπως ἐπειδὴ γένοιντο ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ.. ἴοιεν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.80.)]
III.4 by assimilation to optative in principal clause, ἦ τ᾽ ἂν.. νῦν μὲν ἀνώγοιμι πτολεμίζειν.. ἐπὴν τεισαίμεθα λώβην [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 19.208; ὃς τὸ καταβρόξειεν ἐπεὶ κρητῆρι μιγείη 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.222.)]
III.5 ἐπειδάν with optative is falsa lectio in some passages of early authors, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.3.11, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 30.6 (with _indicative_, 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 13.7.8))]: found in later Gr., [Refs 1st c.BC+ (6th c.AD: Agathias Historicus et Epigrammaticus 2.5, +others, 1st c.BC: Zosimus Epigrammaticus 5.18.10.)]
IV with Inf., only in indirect speech, ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατὰ σχολὴν σκέψασθαι, κόπτεσθαι (i.e. ἔφη) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 619c, compare “Smp.” 174d, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.10, 7.150.)]
V with other words:
V.1 ἐ. τάχιστα as soon as, frequently separated by a word, ἐ. ἦλθε τάχιστα,.. ἀπέδοτο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.2.6; ἐ. δὲ τάχιστα διέβη [prev. author] “Cyr.” 3.3.22; ἐ. θᾶττον 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1284a40; ἐ. εὐθέως 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 3.2.4; ἐ... αὐτίκα 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.35; ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 310c, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 27.16; ἐπειδὰν τάχιστα 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.144, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.1.9; rarely ἐπειδὴ θᾶττον 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 37.41; ἐπειδὰν θᾶττον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 325c.)]
V.1.b ἐ. τὰ πρῶτα [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 12.420; ἐ. τὸ πρῶτον 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1287.)]
V.2 with emphatic Particles, ἐπεὶ ἄρα when then, in continuing a narrative, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.426)]; ἐπεὶ οὖν when then, in resuming a narrative, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (1.57, 3.4; ἐπεὶ ὦν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.9; ἐπεὶ γὰρ δή [prev. author] 9.90, etc.)]
B CAUSAL (ἐπεί more frequently in this sense in early Prose: ἐπειδή whereas is used in preambles of decrees, [Refs (“IG” 22.103, etc.; ἐπειδήπερ)]inasmuch as, NT.Luke.1.1), since, seeing that, frequently from [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus downwards:)]
B.1 with Ind. (after both present and past tenses), ἐ. οὐδὲ ἔοικε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.119, compare 153, 278, 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 4.16, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.3.4; ἐπειδή 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.80; ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἐθέλεις 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 335c; νίκη δ᾽ ἐπείπερ ἕσπετ᾽, ἐμπέδως μένοι 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 854)]; frequently with past tenses with ἄν, ἐπεὶ οὔποτ᾽ ἂν στόλον ἐπλεύσατ᾽ ἄν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1037; ἐπεὶ οὔ κεν ἀνιδρωτί γ᾽ ἐτελέσθη 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.228, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.49)]; οὐ γὰρ ἂν σθένοντά γε εἷλέν μ᾽· ἐπεὶ οὐδ᾽ ἂν ὧδ᾽ ἔχοντ᾽ (i.e. εἷλεν) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 948)]: especially in the sense, for otherwise.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 9.29, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 433, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.7.14, 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 2.72, etc.: so with)]future, ἐξέστω δὲ μηδενὶ.. τεθῆναι.., ἐ. ἀποδώσει.. otherwise he shall pay.., [Refs (“Rev.Et.Anc.” 4.261 (near Smyrna): with _imperative_, ἐ. δίδαξον)] for teach me, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 352, “OC” 969, compare “OT” 390, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 73, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 473e)]: with an interrogative, ἐ. πῶς ἂν καλέσεια; for how would you call him? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 688, compare 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 7.5, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 214, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 139 (Lyric poetry); ὦ Ἀλκιβιάδη, ἐπειδὴ περὶ τίνος Ἀθηναῖοι διανοοῦνται βουλεύεσθαι, ἀνίστασαι συμβουλεύσω; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.106c.)]
B.2 with Opt., ἐ. ἂν μάλα τοι σχεδὸν ἔλθοι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.304, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 916)]; so after past tenses on the principle of indirect speech, ἐπείπερ ἡγήσαιντο since (as they said) they believed, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.4.19.)]
B.3 with Inf. in indirect speech, ἐ. γιγνώσκειν γε αὐτά [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 353a, compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.111, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.93.)]
B.4 in elliptical expressions, ἀδύνατός [εἰμι], ἐ. ἐβουλόμην ἂν οἷός τ᾽ εἶναι I am unable (and yet I am sorry), for I should like to have the power, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 335c)]; so εἶμι· ἐ. καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἂν ἴσως οὐκ ἀηδῶς σου ἤκουον [Refs ([prev. passage] (here the sense may be given by)]and yet, although, compare [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 333c, 317a, “Ap.” 19e, “Smp.” 187a, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1121a19))]; ἐ. ὅ γε ἀποθανὼν πελάτης τις ἦν ἐμός and yet (moreover) the murdered man was my own hired man, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Euthyphro” 4c.)]
B.4.b sometimes after a vocative, where 'listen' may be supplied, Ἕκτορ, ἐ. με κατ᾽ αἶσαν ἐνείκεσας [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.59, compare 13.68, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.103, 211.)]
B.5 with other Particles, ἐ. ἄρα, ἐ. ἂρ δή since then, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.185)]; ἐ. γε (ἐπεί.. γε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.352, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 171), more emphatic than ἐ.,)] since indeed, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 181, “Hipp.” 955)]; ἐπειδή γε[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 946, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 77d, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 54.29; sometimes separated, ἐπειδή.. γε 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 631, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 87c; ἐ. γε δή 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.9, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 923, ἐπειδή γε καί 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.18)]; ἐ. ἦ since in truth, ἐ. ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.169, compare 156, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.276)]; ἐπείπερ (ἐ... περ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 13.447, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.181) in Trag. and Prose, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 822, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 75, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 114d)]; ἐπειδήπερ in Comedy texts and Prose, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 437, 495, “Nu.” 1412, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.18, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 350e)]; ἐ. τοι since surely, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 433; ἐ. νύ τοι 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.416; ἐ. τοι καί 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 677, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 567e. [ἐ.)] sometimes begins a verse in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.379, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.13, 8.452, 21.25)]; sometimes coalesces by synizesis with οὐ, οὐδέ, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 446, 948, etc.])]
conjunction, both temporal and causal; also ἐπειδή, ἐπείτε. OF TIME (ἐπειδή is more frequently in this sense in Prose), after that, since, when, from [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus downwards:)]
I with Ind.,
I.1 of a definite occurrence in past time, mostly with aorist, ἐπεί π᾽ εὔξαντο after they had prayed, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.458; ἐπειδὴ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη Ἀρταξέρξης)]after [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator had died and 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus had succeeded, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.1.3)]: rarely with imperfect, ἐπειδὴ εἱστιώμεθ᾽ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 1354; ἐ. πόντον εἰσεβάλλομεν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 260; ἐ. ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.1.1: with)]pluperfect, ἐπειδὴ ἐξηπάτησθε.. after you had been deceived.., [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.42)]; but generally the aorist is found, the pluperfect being used only for special emphasis: with imperfect to express an action not yet complete, ἐπεὶ ὑπηντίαζεν ἡ φάλαγξ καὶ ἡ σάλπιγξ ἐφθέγξατο after the phalanx began to advance and the trumpet had sounded, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 6.5.27.)]
I.2 with implied reference to some later time, ἐ. or ἐπειδή, ={ἐξ οὗ}, from the time when, since, mostly with aorist, πολλὰ πλάγχθη, ἐ. ἔπερσε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.2)]; ἐπείτε παρέλαβον τὸν θρόνον, τοῦτο ἐφρόντιζον ever since I came to the throne, I had this in mind, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.8. ; ἐπειδήπερ ὑπέστη 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.68; δέκατον μὲν ἔτος τόδ᾽ ἐ... ἦραν 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 40: sometimes with)]present (used in perfect sense) and perfect, ἐ. δὲ φροῦδός ἐστι στρατός since the army is gone, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 15)]; ἐπείτε ὑπὸ τῷ Πέρσῃ εἰσί, πεπόνθασι τοιόνδε ever since they have been, now that they are.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.117.)]
II with Subj., ἄν being always added in Attic dialect Prose, and ἄν or κε generally in Poetry: ἐπεί with ἄν becomes ἐπήν (so in Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 1175, “Av.” 983), later ἐπάν (which see))], Ionic dialect ἐπεάν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (“Schwyzer” 800 (6th c.BC), 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.153, +others, ἐπήν 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “περὶ ἀγμῶν” 6, +others, and ἐπειδή with ἄν ἐπειδάν (which see); 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus has ἐπεί κε, ἐπήν (once ἐπεὶ ἄν 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.412):)]
II.1 referring to future time with future apodosis, τέκνα ἄξομεν.. ἐπὴν πτολίεθρον ἕλωμεν when we shall have taken the city, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.238; ἐ. κ᾽ ἀπὸ λαὸς ὄληται 11.764. compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.23; ἐπεάν περ ἡμίονοι τέκωσι, τότε τὸ τεῖχος ἁλώσεσθαι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.153)]; ταῦτ᾽, ἐπειδὰν περὶ τοῦ γένους εἴπω, τότ᾽ ἐρῶ I will speak of this, when I have spoken.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 57.16, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.3.29; ἐ. ἂν σύ γε πότμον ἐπίσπῃς 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.412)]; χρὴ δέ, ὅταν μὲν τιθῆσθε τοὺς νόμους,.. σκοπεῖν, ἐπειδὰν δὲ θῆσθε, φυλάττειν whenever you are enacting your laws,.. and after you have enacted them.., [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.34.)]
II.2 of repeated action, with a present apodosis, whenever, when once, δαμνᾷ, ἐ. κε λίπῃ ὀστέα θυμός [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.221, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.409)]; ἐπειδὰν ἡ ἐκφορὰ ᾖ.. ἄγουσι whenever the burial takes place they bring, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.34)]; ἐπειδὰν κρύψωσι γῇ.. λέγει when they have covered them with earth, [Refs ([prev. passage]: sometimes without ἄν or)]κε in Poets, ἐ. ἂρ βλέφαρ᾽ ἀμφικαλύψῃ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.86; ἐ. δὴ τόν γε δαμάσσεται.. ὀϊστός 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.478, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1225 (Lyric poetry), “Ant.” 1025.)]
II.3 like [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus 1.2, δέκα ἡμερῶν ἐπειδὰν δόξῃ)] within ten days from the passing of the resolution, [Refs (“IG” 12.88.7.)]
III with Opt. (without ἄν):
III.1 referring to future time, ἐπειδὴ πρὸς τὸ φῶς ἔλθοι, ὁρᾶν οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἓν δύνασθαι (i.e. οὐκ οἴει); after he had come into the light.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 516a: 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus sometimes uses ἐπήν with _optative_ in same sense as ἐπεί, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.227, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.105 (codices), etc.)]
III.2 more frequently of repeated action, with a past apodosis, ἐ. ζεύξειεν.., δησάσκετο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.14; ἐπειδὴ δέ τι ἐμφάγοιεν, ἀνίσταντο 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.5.9; ἐ. πύθοιτο, ἐπῄνει [prev. author] “Cyr.” 5.3.55, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.38, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 59d, “Prt.” 315b.)]
III.3 in indirect speech after past tenses, representing a subjunctive in direct speech, αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπεὶ διαβαίης, ἀπιέναι ἔφησθα (the direct form being ἐπὴν διαβῶ) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.2.27, compare 3.5.18, “Cyr.” 1.4.21)]; after optative in a final clause, ἐπορεύοντο, ὅπως ἐπειδὴ γένοιντο ἐπὶ τῷ ποταμῷ.. ἴοιεν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.80.)]
III.4 by assimilation to optative in principal clause, ἦ τ᾽ ἂν.. νῦν μὲν ἀνώγοιμι πτολεμίζειν.. ἐπὴν τεισαίμεθα λώβην [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 19.208; ὃς τὸ καταβρόξειεν ἐπεὶ κρητῆρι μιγείη 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.222.)]
III.5 ἐπειδάν with optative is falsa lectio in some passages of early authors, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.3.11, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 30.6 (with _indicative_, 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 13.7.8))]: found in later Gr., [Refs 1st c.BC+ (6th c.AD: Agathias Historicus et Epigrammaticus 2.5, +others, 1st c.BC: Zosimus Epigrammaticus 5.18.10.)]
IV with Inf., only in indirect speech, ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατὰ σχολὴν σκέψασθαι, κόπτεσθαι (i.e. ἔφη) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 619c, compare “Smp.” 174d, 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.10, 7.150.)]
V with other words:
V.1 ἐ. τάχιστα as soon as, frequently separated by a word, ἐ. ἦλθε τάχιστα,.. ἀπέδοτο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.2.6; ἐ. δὲ τάχιστα διέβη [prev. author] “Cyr.” 3.3.22; ἐ. θᾶττον 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1284a40; ἐ. εὐθέως 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 3.2.4; ἐ... αὐτίκα 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.35; ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 310c, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 27.16; ἐπειδὰν τάχιστα 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.144, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.1.9; rarely ἐπειδὴ θᾶττον 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 37.41; ἐπειδὰν θᾶττον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 325c.)]
V.1.b ἐ. τὰ πρῶτα [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 12.420; ἐ. τὸ πρῶτον 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1287.)]
V.2 with emphatic Particles, ἐπεὶ ἄρα when then, in continuing a narrative, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.426)]; ἐπεὶ οὖν when then, in resuming a narrative, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (1.57, 3.4; ἐπεὶ ὦν 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.9; ἐπεὶ γὰρ δή [prev. author] 9.90, etc.)]
B CAUSAL (ἐπεί more frequently in this sense in early Prose: ἐπειδή whereas is used in preambles of decrees, [Refs (“IG” 22.103, etc.; ἐπειδήπερ)]inasmuch as, NT.Luke.1.1), since, seeing that, frequently from [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus downwards:)]
B.1 with Ind. (after both present and past tenses), ἐ. οὐδὲ ἔοικε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.119, compare 153, 278, 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 4.16, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.3.4; ἐπειδή 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.80; ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἐθέλεις 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 335c; νίκη δ᾽ ἐπείπερ ἕσπετ᾽, ἐμπέδως μένοι 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 854)]; frequently with past tenses with ἄν, ἐπεὶ οὔποτ᾽ ἂν στόλον ἐπλεύσατ᾽ ἄν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 1037; ἐπεὶ οὔ κεν ἀνιδρωτί γ᾽ ἐτελέσθη 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.228, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.49)]; οὐ γὰρ ἂν σθένοντά γε εἷλέν μ᾽· ἐπεὶ οὐδ᾽ ἂν ὧδ᾽ ἔχοντ᾽ (i.e. εἷλεν) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 948)]: especially in the sense, for otherwise.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 9.29, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 433, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.7.14, 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 2.72, etc.: so with)]future, ἐξέστω δὲ μηδενὶ.. τεθῆναι.., ἐ. ἀποδώσει.. otherwise he shall pay.., [Refs (“Rev.Et.Anc.” 4.261 (near Smyrna): with _imperative_, ἐ. δίδαξον)] for teach me, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 352, “OC” 969, compare “OT” 390, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 73, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 473e)]: with an interrogative, ἐ. πῶς ἂν καλέσεια; for how would you call him? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 688, compare 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 7.5, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Choephori” 214, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 139 (Lyric poetry); ὦ Ἀλκιβιάδη, ἐπειδὴ περὶ τίνος Ἀθηναῖοι διανοοῦνται βουλεύεσθαι, ἀνίστασαι συμβουλεύσω; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.106c.)]
B.2 with Opt., ἐ. ἂν μάλα τοι σχεδὸν ἔλθοι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.304, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 916)]; so after past tenses on the principle of indirect speech, ἐπείπερ ἡγήσαιντο since (as they said) they believed, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.4.19.)]
B.3 with Inf. in indirect speech, ἐ. γιγνώσκειν γε αὐτά [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 353a, compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.111, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.93.)]
B.4 in elliptical expressions, ἀδύνατός [εἰμι], ἐ. ἐβουλόμην ἂν οἷός τ᾽ εἶναι I am unable (and yet I am sorry), for I should like to have the power, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 335c)]; so εἶμι· ἐ. καὶ ταῦτ᾽ ἂν ἴσως οὐκ ἀηδῶς σου ἤκουον [Refs ([prev. passage] (here the sense may be given by)]and yet, although, compare [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 333c, 317a, “Ap.” 19e, “Smp.” 187a, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1121a19))]; ἐ. ὅ γε ἀποθανὼν πελάτης τις ἦν ἐμός and yet (moreover) the murdered man was my own hired man, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Euthyphro” 4c.)]
B.4.b sometimes after a vocative, where 'listen' may be supplied, Ἕκτορ, ἐ. με κατ᾽ αἶσαν ἐνείκεσας [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.59, compare 13.68, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.103, 211.)]
B.5 with other Particles, ἐ. ἄρα, ἐ. ἂρ δή since then, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.185)]; ἐ. γε (ἐπεί.. γε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.352, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 171), more emphatic than ἐ.,)] since indeed, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 181, “Hipp.” 955)]; ἐπειδή γε[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 946, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 77d, 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 54.29; sometimes separated, ἐπειδή.. γε 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 631, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 87c; ἐ. γε δή 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.9, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 923, ἐπειδή γε καί 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.18)]; ἐ. ἦ since in truth, ἐ. ἦ πολὺ φέρτερόν ἐστι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.169, compare 156, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.276)]; ἐπείπερ (ἐ... περ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 13.447, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.181) in Trag. and Prose, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 822, 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 75, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 114d)]; ἐπειδήπερ in Comedy texts and Prose, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 437, 495, “Nu.” 1412, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.18, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 350e)]; ἐ. τοι since surely, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 433; ἐ. νύ τοι 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.416; ἐ. τοι καί 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 677, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 567e. [ἐ.)] sometimes begins a verse in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.379, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.13, 8.452, 21.25)]; sometimes coalesces by synizesis with οὐ, οὐδέ, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 446, 948, etc.])]