Strong G5590G5590Jψυχή
soul: person
One of the 5 senses of Strong G5590
- Transliteration
- psuchē
- Pronunciation
- psoo-khay'
- Morphology
- Greek Noun (Feminine)
Definition
From G5594; breath that is (by implication) spirit abstractly or concretely (the animal sentient principle only; thus distinguished on the one hand from G4151 which is the rational and immortal soul; and on the other from G2222 which is mere vitality even of plants: these terms thus exactly correspond respectively to the Hebrew [H5315] [H7307] and [H2416]: - heart (+ -ily) life mind soul + us + you.
Detailed definition
ψυχή, -ῆς, ἡ,
[in LXX very frequently for נֶפֶשׁ, sometimes for לֵבַב,לֵב, etc.;]
1. breath (Lat. anima), breath of life, life (Hom., al.; in Arist., of the vital principle): Mat.6:25, Mrk.3:4 10:45, Luk.12:22, Jhn.10:11, Act.20:10, 24 2Co.1:23, Php.2:30, 1Th.2:8, al.
2. the soul,
__(a) as the seat of the will, desires and affections: Mat.26:38, Mrk.12:30" (LXX) 14:34, Luk.1:46, Jhn.10:24, Act.14:2, Php.1:27, al.; ἐκ ψυχῆς, from the heart, heartily: Eph.6:6, Col.3:23;
__(b) as a periphrasis for person or self (frequently in translation from Semitic originals, see M, Pr., 87; Robinson, Gospels, 113ff.; but also frequently in cl., see LS, see word II, 2; Edwards, Lex., App. A.): Mat.11:29, Mrk.8:36, Act.2:41, Rom.2:9, 1Pe.3:20, al.; πᾶσα ψ., Act.2:43 3:23" (LXX), Rom.13:1; ψ. ζῶσα (ζωῆς), 1Co.15:45, Rev.16:3;
__(with) as the object of divine grace and eternal salvation: Heb.13:17, Jas.1:21 5:20, 1Pe.1:9, 22 2:11 4:19, 3Jo.2.
SYN.: see: νοῦς, πνεῦμα, ψυχικός, and cf. ICC on 1Th.5:23, Lft., Notes, 88f. (AS)
[in LXX very frequently for נֶפֶשׁ, sometimes for לֵבַב,לֵב, etc.;]
1. breath (Lat. anima), breath of life, life (Hom., al.; in Arist., of the vital principle): Mat.6:25, Mrk.3:4 10:45, Luk.12:22, Jhn.10:11, Act.20:10, 24 2Co.1:23, Php.2:30, 1Th.2:8, al.
2. the soul,
__(a) as the seat of the will, desires and affections: Mat.26:38, Mrk.12:30" (LXX) 14:34, Luk.1:46, Jhn.10:24, Act.14:2, Php.1:27, al.; ἐκ ψυχῆς, from the heart, heartily: Eph.6:6, Col.3:23;
__(b) as a periphrasis for person or self (frequently in translation from Semitic originals, see M, Pr., 87; Robinson, Gospels, 113ff.; but also frequently in cl., see LS, see word II, 2; Edwards, Lex., App. A.): Mat.11:29, Mrk.8:36, Act.2:41, Rom.2:9, 1Pe.3:20, al.; πᾶσα ψ., Act.2:43 3:23" (LXX), Rom.13:1; ψ. ζῶσα (ζωῆς), 1Co.15:45, Rev.16:3;
__(with) as the object of divine grace and eternal salvation: Heb.13:17, Jas.1:21 5:20, 1Pe.1:9, 22 2:11 4:19, 3Jo.2.
SYN.: see: νοῦς, πνεῦμα, ψυχικός, and cf. ICC on 1Th.5:23, Lft., Notes, 88f. (AS)
In the Bible
Strong G5590J appears in 9 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- soul9
First verses
- Acts 2:41Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls.
- Acts 2:43And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles.
- Acts 3:23And it shall come to pass, that every soul, which will not hear that prophet, shall be destroyed from among the people.
- Acts 7:14Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls.
- Acts 27:37And we were in all in the ship two hundred threescore and sixteen souls.
- Romans 2:9Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;
- Romans 13:1Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.
- 1 Peter 3:20Which sometime were disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water.
- Revelation 18:13And cinnamon, and odours, and ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
ψῡχ-ή, ἡ,
life, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.296, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών 16.453, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.523; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.334, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 21.154; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.325)]; ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι at hazard of their lives, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.74, 9.255; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.322)]; λίσσου᾽ ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων by your life,[Refs 5th c.BC+ (22.338; so ἀντὶ ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1326: but περὶ ψ.)] to save their life, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.423; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο 22.245; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.161; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 9.37; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 115, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 946, “Heracl.” 984; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.4, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.50; ἁγὼν.. σῆς ψ. πέρι 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1492, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1330, “Or.” 847, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.3.44; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 375 (Lyric poetry); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitum magistro” 1.19)]; ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός] in exchange for life, [NT+7th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 85; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.36; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτο; NT.Mark.8.37. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν 4th-5th c.BC: Simonides Lyricus 52; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις 7th c.BC: Archilochus Lyricus 23; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι 7th c.BC: Tyrtaeus Elegiacus 10.14; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 13.46; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 730; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 1.68; ψυχὰς βαλον [prev. author] “O.” 8.39; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας 5th c.BC: Empedocles Poeta Philosophus 138; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ᾽ ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786)]; τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 775; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (_anapaest meter_); ψ. ἀφήσω 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 1171; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε [prev. author] “Tr.” 1214; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.24)]; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ. satisfaction for the life of [NT+5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus, [prev. author] 2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.6, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.136, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.88; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος LXX.Wis.15. 8, cf. NT.Luke.12.20; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου LXX.1Ki.19.10, cf. NT.Matt.2.20; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων NT.John.10.11, etc.)]; δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ... ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ within an inch of his life, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.3:)] —the phrase ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα taking his life in his hands, is probably falsa lectio in [LXX+4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Xenarchus Comicus 4.20; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος LXX.Psa.118(119).109, cf. LXX.1Ki.19.5, 28.21, +others)]; of life in animals, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.426, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 173, 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.47, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει 5th c.BC: Anaxagoras Philosophus 4, compare 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.5 (compare infr. IV. 1))]; ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει Democrit.278; ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν (of incubation) [LXX+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 172; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς LXX.Gen.1.30)]; ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν[LXX (LXX.Lev.17.11, cf. LXX.Deu.12.23.)]
2 metaphorically of things dear as life, χρήματα γὰρ ψ... βροτοῖσι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 686; πᾶσι δ᾽ ἀνθρώποις ἄρ᾽ ἦν ψ. τέκν᾽ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Andromache” 419; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς 4th c.BC: Timocles Comicus 35)]; so as an endearing name, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Heliodorus Scriptor Eroticus 1.8, +others; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. 1st c.AD: Juvenalis, D. Junius Poeta Latinus 6.195; ψ. μου 1st c.AD: Martialis Epigrammaticus Latinus 10.68.)]
II in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)], departed spirit, ghost (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας.. ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (2nd c.AD: Apollodorus Damascenus Mechanicus Hist. “fragment” 102(a) 1st c.AD: Josephus Historicus); ψ. Πατροκλῆος.. πάντ᾽ αὐτῷ.. ἐϊκυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.65: frequently in 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11, ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος, etc., 387, 467, +others)]; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.104, compare 72, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 24.14; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.100)]; ψυχὰς ἡρώων, opposed to αὐτούς,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (1.3, compare 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 151; ψυχαὶ δ᾽ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.330; ψ. δὲ κατ᾽ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ᾽ ἐπειγομένη 14.518)]; sometimes hardly distinct from signification[Refs (1, ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ᾽ αἰχμήν 16.505)]; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs (5.696)]; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 11.21)]; ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 4.159, compare “N.” 8.44; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ᾽ Ἅιδην 1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 98; πέμψατ᾽ ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 630 (_anapaest meter_); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 676, compare “fragment” 912.9 (_anapaest meter_); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 927b)]; ψ. σοφαί, perhaps 'wise ghosts', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 94; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anonymus cited in 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.236d.)]
III the immaterial and immortal soul, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων.. ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“fragment” 133, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 81b; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.123; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 246a, compare “Phd.” 70c, +others; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται [prev. author] “R.” 608d; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται 5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 14, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400c: hence frequently opposed to σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.3.5, compare “An.” 3.2.20; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου.. πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον [prev. author] “Phdr.” 249b; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407b22; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.19; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει,.. ὁρᾶται δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ αὐτή [prev. author] “Mem.” 4.3.14, compare “Cyr.” 8.7.17)]; αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“IG” 12.945 (5th c.BC))]; ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.AD: Orphica “Fragmenta” 32 f. 1; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Axiochus” 365e.)]
IV the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.39; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ᾽ ἄκαμπτος [prev. author] “I.” 4(3).53(71); ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.16; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.37; opposed to material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.32; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων.. οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 30b, compare 29e)]: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 959a; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος [prev. author] Alcaeus1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.17, compare above 111: sometimes, therefore, distinguished from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 227; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 319 (_anapaest meter_); τί ποτ᾽ ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 173 (_anapaest meter_); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 192c)]; οἴμοι ψυχή woe is me! [LXX (LXX.Mic.7.1)]; καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, “ψυχή, ἔχεις πολλὰ ἀγαθά” [NT (NT.Luke.12.19)]; in periphrases, ψ. Ὀρέστου, ={Ὀρέστης}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1127, +others: but τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις)] his wits, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 55; ἡ δ᾽ ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν [prev. author] “Ant.” 559, compare “OC” 999)]; so ψυχαί absolutely, ={ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα} [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1457 (Lyric poetry))]; ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον many souls perished, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 864; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ LXX.Gen.46.15, cf. LXX.Exo.12.4, +others; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν NT.1Pet.3.20. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 3.61; ὦ μελέα ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 712 (Lyric poetry); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 7.3.8)]; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 496b (compare μεγαλόψυχος))]; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα the creature, [NT+4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 28.2; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ LXX.Num.6.6, 11; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω NT.Rom.13.1, etc.)]: generally, being, ψυχὴ ζῶσα living creature, [LXX (LXX.Gen.1.24, compare 20 (_plural_).)]
IV.2 of various aspects of the self, ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν) enduring heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 1.48; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.14, ἦν ηὰρ.. ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος)] poor-spirited, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 5.124; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 457; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν [prev. author] “Ach.” 393; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.40; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 10.29; ὁ γὰρ᾽ λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 6.2.33, compare “Oec.” 21.3.)]
IV.3 of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 505, compare 527 (Lyric poetry); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.14; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχω; 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 32.12)]; τίν᾽ οἴεσθ᾽ αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδ; how will she feel? [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 28.21)]; μία ψ., proverbial of friends, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1168b7)]; ψ. μία ἤστην probably in [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 841 (assuming variant), compare 5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 297, Theocr. 16.24; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579b; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ᾽ ἐδόκει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.4.)]
IV.4 of the moral and intellectual self, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 2.70; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 176; ἀρκεῖν.. κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ᾽ ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ [prev. author] “OC” 499; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον [prev. author] “fragment” 101; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. [prev. author] “Ph.” 1014; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 20.15, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353e; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.7, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 873a)]; τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν.. διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ the mind conscious of innocence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.93; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι.. ἐσθ᾽ ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμε; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353d; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 15.304; τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα [prev. work]290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.53; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare “Phdr.” 247c, +others; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 903; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1171. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.7.43)]; ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν with all the heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 17.3; βόσκοιτ᾽ ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 8.35; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 3.11.10)]; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν he won't let us call our soul our own, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]
IV.5 of animals, ψ. μεγαλόφρων, of a horse, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitandi ratione” 11.1; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.12)]; ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 101, 4th c.BC: Antiphanes Comicus 5.)]
IV.6 of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.138, compare 7.14; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 60.23; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Poetica” 1450a38)]; also of the spirit of an author, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Lysia” 11.)]
V Philosophical uses:
V.1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (i.e. οἱ πρότεροι) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b11; τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ, of the magnet, [prev. work] 405a20)]; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (i.e. πῦρ) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 36; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα 6th c.BC: Xenophanes Poeta Philosophus cited in 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 9.19)]; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 13; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσα; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 404a25)]; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (i.e. ψυχὴν) εἶναι[Refs ([prev. work] 404a1, compare “Resp.” 472a4.)]
V.2 the spirit of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 34b, compare 30b; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407a3)]; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι[Refs 3rd c.BC+ ([prev. work] 411a8; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.186)]; ψ. [κόσμου] [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.1013e, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 4.40; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 5.1.2; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη [prev. author] 4.4.32)]; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-4th c.BC: Timaeus Locrus Philosophus)]
V.3 In [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus)] the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d, compare “Def.” 411c; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν [prev. author] “Lg.” 896a; μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν [prev. work] b, compare 892c)]; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Phlb.” 30c, compare “Ti.” 30b, “Sph.” 249a; defined by 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος “de An.” 412a20; ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ [prev. work] 412b5)]; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus cited in 5th c.AD: Stobaeus, Joannes 1.49.34, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 439e.ff; in 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριο; “de An.” 413b11, compare “PA” 641b4; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. [prev. author] “de An.” 434a22, +others)]; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 1.38)]; of the scala naturae, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ᾽ ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta” 2.150, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 6.14; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές.. προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 1p.19U.; τέλος.. τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. [prev. author] “Ep.” 3p.64U.)]; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.1.7)]; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.3)]; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.2, compare 4.7.5; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας [prev. author] 3.8.4)]; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς [Refs 5th c.AD+ ([prev. author] 4.4.18; πᾶν σῶμα.. ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. 5th c.AD: Proclus Philosophus “Inst.” 20.)]
VI butterfly or moth, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 551a14, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 2.4.4, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.636c.)]
VI.2 τριπόλιον, Ps.-[Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 4.132.)]
VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.AD(?): Apuleius Scriptor Botanicus “Metam.” books 4-6, Aristophontes cited in Fulg. “Myth.” 3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d - 400a, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b29, 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.222; 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus usage gives little support to the derivation from ψύχω)] 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.696)] means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.467)] means 'she gasped out her spirit', i.e. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, see at {ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο}: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.518, 16.505, where the ψ.)] escapes through a wound; compare ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (see. above 1).))]
life, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.296, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών 16.453, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.523; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.334, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 21.154; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.325)]; ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι at hazard of their lives, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.74, 9.255; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.322)]; λίσσου᾽ ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων by your life,[Refs 5th c.BC+ (22.338; so ἀντὶ ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1326: but περὶ ψ.)] to save their life, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.423; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο 22.245; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.161; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 9.37; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 115, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 946, “Heracl.” 984; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.4, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.50; ἁγὼν.. σῆς ψ. πέρι 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1492, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1330, “Or.” 847, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.3.44; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 375 (Lyric poetry); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitum magistro” 1.19)]; ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός] in exchange for life, [NT+7th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 85; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.36; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτο; NT.Mark.8.37. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν 4th-5th c.BC: Simonides Lyricus 52; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις 7th c.BC: Archilochus Lyricus 23; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι 7th c.BC: Tyrtaeus Elegiacus 10.14; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 13.46; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 730; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 1.68; ψυχὰς βαλον [prev. author] “O.” 8.39; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας 5th c.BC: Empedocles Poeta Philosophus 138; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ᾽ ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786)]; τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 775; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (_anapaest meter_); ψ. ἀφήσω 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 1171; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε [prev. author] “Tr.” 1214; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.24)]; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ. satisfaction for the life of [NT+5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus, [prev. author] 2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.6, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.136, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.88; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος LXX.Wis.15. 8, cf. NT.Luke.12.20; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου LXX.1Ki.19.10, cf. NT.Matt.2.20; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων NT.John.10.11, etc.)]; δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ... ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ within an inch of his life, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.3:)] —the phrase ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα taking his life in his hands, is probably falsa lectio in [LXX+4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Xenarchus Comicus 4.20; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος LXX.Psa.118(119).109, cf. LXX.1Ki.19.5, 28.21, +others)]; of life in animals, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.426, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 173, 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.47, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει 5th c.BC: Anaxagoras Philosophus 4, compare 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.5 (compare infr. IV. 1))]; ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει Democrit.278; ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν (of incubation) [LXX+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 172; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς LXX.Gen.1.30)]; ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν[LXX (LXX.Lev.17.11, cf. LXX.Deu.12.23.)]
2 metaphorically of things dear as life, χρήματα γὰρ ψ... βροτοῖσι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 686; πᾶσι δ᾽ ἀνθρώποις ἄρ᾽ ἦν ψ. τέκν᾽ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Andromache” 419; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς 4th c.BC: Timocles Comicus 35)]; so as an endearing name, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Heliodorus Scriptor Eroticus 1.8, +others; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. 1st c.AD: Juvenalis, D. Junius Poeta Latinus 6.195; ψ. μου 1st c.AD: Martialis Epigrammaticus Latinus 10.68.)]
II in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)], departed spirit, ghost (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας.. ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (2nd c.AD: Apollodorus Damascenus Mechanicus Hist. “fragment” 102(a) 1st c.AD: Josephus Historicus); ψ. Πατροκλῆος.. πάντ᾽ αὐτῷ.. ἐϊκυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.65: frequently in 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11, ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος, etc., 387, 467, +others)]; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.104, compare 72, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 24.14; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.100)]; ψυχὰς ἡρώων, opposed to αὐτούς,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (1.3, compare 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 151; ψυχαὶ δ᾽ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.330; ψ. δὲ κατ᾽ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ᾽ ἐπειγομένη 14.518)]; sometimes hardly distinct from signification[Refs (1, ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ᾽ αἰχμήν 16.505)]; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs (5.696)]; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 11.21)]; ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 4.159, compare “N.” 8.44; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ᾽ Ἅιδην 1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 98; πέμψατ᾽ ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 630 (_anapaest meter_); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 676, compare “fragment” 912.9 (_anapaest meter_); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 927b)]; ψ. σοφαί, perhaps 'wise ghosts', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 94; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anonymus cited in 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.236d.)]
III the immaterial and immortal soul, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων.. ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“fragment” 133, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 81b; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.123; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 246a, compare “Phd.” 70c, +others; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται [prev. author] “R.” 608d; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται 5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 14, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400c: hence frequently opposed to σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.3.5, compare “An.” 3.2.20; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου.. πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον [prev. author] “Phdr.” 249b; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407b22; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.19; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει,.. ὁρᾶται δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ αὐτή [prev. author] “Mem.” 4.3.14, compare “Cyr.” 8.7.17)]; αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“IG” 12.945 (5th c.BC))]; ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.AD: Orphica “Fragmenta” 32 f. 1; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Axiochus” 365e.)]
IV the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.39; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ᾽ ἄκαμπτος [prev. author] “I.” 4(3).53(71); ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.16; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.37; opposed to material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.32; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων.. οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 30b, compare 29e)]: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 959a; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος [prev. author] Alcaeus1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.17, compare above 111: sometimes, therefore, distinguished from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 227; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 319 (_anapaest meter_); τί ποτ᾽ ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 173 (_anapaest meter_); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 192c)]; οἴμοι ψυχή woe is me! [LXX (LXX.Mic.7.1)]; καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, “ψυχή, ἔχεις πολλὰ ἀγαθά” [NT (NT.Luke.12.19)]; in periphrases, ψ. Ὀρέστου, ={Ὀρέστης}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1127, +others: but τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις)] his wits, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 55; ἡ δ᾽ ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν [prev. author] “Ant.” 559, compare “OC” 999)]; so ψυχαί absolutely, ={ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα} [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1457 (Lyric poetry))]; ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον many souls perished, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 864; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ LXX.Gen.46.15, cf. LXX.Exo.12.4, +others; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν NT.1Pet.3.20. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 3.61; ὦ μελέα ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 712 (Lyric poetry); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 7.3.8)]; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 496b (compare μεγαλόψυχος))]; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα the creature, [NT+4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 28.2; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ LXX.Num.6.6, 11; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω NT.Rom.13.1, etc.)]: generally, being, ψυχὴ ζῶσα living creature, [LXX (LXX.Gen.1.24, compare 20 (_plural_).)]
IV.2 of various aspects of the self, ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν) enduring heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 1.48; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.14, ἦν ηὰρ.. ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος)] poor-spirited, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 5.124; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 457; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν [prev. author] “Ach.” 393; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.40; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 10.29; ὁ γὰρ᾽ λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 6.2.33, compare “Oec.” 21.3.)]
IV.3 of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 505, compare 527 (Lyric poetry); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.14; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχω; 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 32.12)]; τίν᾽ οἴεσθ᾽ αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδ; how will she feel? [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 28.21)]; μία ψ., proverbial of friends, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1168b7)]; ψ. μία ἤστην probably in [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 841 (assuming variant), compare 5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 297, Theocr. 16.24; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579b; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ᾽ ἐδόκει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.4.)]
IV.4 of the moral and intellectual self, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 2.70; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 176; ἀρκεῖν.. κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ᾽ ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ [prev. author] “OC” 499; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον [prev. author] “fragment” 101; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. [prev. author] “Ph.” 1014; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 20.15, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353e; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.7, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 873a)]; τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν.. διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ the mind conscious of innocence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.93; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι.. ἐσθ᾽ ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμε; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353d; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 15.304; τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα [prev. work]290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.53; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare “Phdr.” 247c, +others; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 903; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1171. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.7.43)]; ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν with all the heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 17.3; βόσκοιτ᾽ ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 8.35; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 3.11.10)]; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν he won't let us call our soul our own, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]
IV.5 of animals, ψ. μεγαλόφρων, of a horse, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitandi ratione” 11.1; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.12)]; ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 101, 4th c.BC: Antiphanes Comicus 5.)]
IV.6 of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.138, compare 7.14; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 60.23; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Poetica” 1450a38)]; also of the spirit of an author, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Lysia” 11.)]
V Philosophical uses:
V.1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (i.e. οἱ πρότεροι) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b11; τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ, of the magnet, [prev. work] 405a20)]; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (i.e. πῦρ) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 36; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα 6th c.BC: Xenophanes Poeta Philosophus cited in 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 9.19)]; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 13; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσα; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 404a25)]; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (i.e. ψυχὴν) εἶναι[Refs ([prev. work] 404a1, compare “Resp.” 472a4.)]
V.2 the spirit of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 34b, compare 30b; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407a3)]; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι[Refs 3rd c.BC+ ([prev. work] 411a8; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.186)]; ψ. [κόσμου] [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.1013e, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 4.40; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 5.1.2; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη [prev. author] 4.4.32)]; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-4th c.BC: Timaeus Locrus Philosophus)]
V.3 In [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus)] the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d, compare “Def.” 411c; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν [prev. author] “Lg.” 896a; μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν [prev. work] b, compare 892c)]; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Phlb.” 30c, compare “Ti.” 30b, “Sph.” 249a; defined by 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος “de An.” 412a20; ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ [prev. work] 412b5)]; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus cited in 5th c.AD: Stobaeus, Joannes 1.49.34, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 439e.ff; in 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριο; “de An.” 413b11, compare “PA” 641b4; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. [prev. author] “de An.” 434a22, +others)]; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 1.38)]; of the scala naturae, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ᾽ ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta” 2.150, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 6.14; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές.. προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 1p.19U.; τέλος.. τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. [prev. author] “Ep.” 3p.64U.)]; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.1.7)]; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.3)]; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.2, compare 4.7.5; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας [prev. author] 3.8.4)]; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς [Refs 5th c.AD+ ([prev. author] 4.4.18; πᾶν σῶμα.. ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. 5th c.AD: Proclus Philosophus “Inst.” 20.)]
VI butterfly or moth, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 551a14, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 2.4.4, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.636c.)]
VI.2 τριπόλιον, Ps.-[Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 4.132.)]
VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.AD(?): Apuleius Scriptor Botanicus “Metam.” books 4-6, Aristophontes cited in Fulg. “Myth.” 3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d - 400a, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b29, 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.222; 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus usage gives little support to the derivation from ψύχω)] 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.696)] means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.467)] means 'she gasped out her spirit', i.e. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, see at {ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο}: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.518, 16.505, where the ψ.)] escapes through a wound; compare ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (see. above 1).))]