Strong G5467χαλεπός
harsh
- Transliteration
- chalepos
- Pronunciation
- khal-ep-os'
- Morphology
- Greek Adjective
Definition
Perhaps from G5465 through the idea of reducing the strength;
difficult that is dangerous or (by implication) furious: - fierce perilous.
difficult that is dangerous or (by implication) furious: - fierce perilous.
Detailed definition
χαλεπός, -ή, -όν
[in LXX: Isa.18:2 (יָרֵא), Wis.3:19, Sir.3:21, al.;]
hard;
__(a) hard to do or deal with, difficult;
__(b) hard to bear, painful, grievous: καιροί, 2Ti.3:1;
__(with) of persons, hard to deal with, harsh, fierce, savage: Mat.8:28.†
(AS)
[in LXX: Isa.18:2 (יָרֵא), Wis.3:19, Sir.3:21, al.;]
hard;
__(a) hard to do or deal with, difficult;
__(b) hard to bear, painful, grievous: καιροί, 2Ti.3:1;
__(with) of persons, hard to deal with, harsh, fierce, savage: Mat.8:28.†
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G5467 appears in 2 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- fierce1
- perilous1
First verses
- Matthew 8:28And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way.
- 2 Timothy 3:1This know also, that in the last days perilous times shall come.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
χαλεπ-ός, ή, όν,
difficult (ὃ ἂν μὴ ῥᾴδιον ᾖ ἀλλὰ διὰ πολλῶν πραγμάτων γίγνηται [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 341d: opposed to ῥᾴδιος, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Rhetorica” 1363a24, in various relations):)]
I in reference to the feelings, hard to bear, painful, grievous (so frequently in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus), κεραυνός 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.417; θύελλα 21.335; ἄνεμοι 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.286; πόνος 23.250; ἄλγος, πένθος, 2.193, 6.169; γῆρας 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 8.103; ἄλη 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.464; χαλεπώτερος ἄεθλος 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 800)]; ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων - ώτερα [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.40; χ. πνεῦμα 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 166 (Lyric poetry); δύα [prev. author] “Th.” 228 (Lyric poetry))]; χαλεπώτατα [πράγματα] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 1273 (_anapaest meter_); συμφορά 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 768 (Lyric poetry))]; νόσος, πλάνη, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 4.37, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Sophista” 245e (_comparative_), etc.)]; ἡ ἐσβολὴ αὕτη -ωτάτη τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐγένετο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.26)]; [θώρακες] δύσφοροι καὶ χ., of ill-fitting cuirasses, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 3.10.13: τὸ χ. τοῦ πνεύματος)] the severity of the wind, [Refs ([prev. author] “An.” 4.5.4)]; τὰ χ. hardships, opposed to τὰ τερπνά, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Mem.” 2.1.23, etc.; τερπνῶν χαλεπῶν τε κρίσις 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “Fragmenta.” 131, compare 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 5.9.14)]: comparative, more unpleasant, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Julianus Imperator “Orationes” 6.202c.)]
I.2 hard to do or deal with, difficult, irksome, -ώτατον ἔργον ἁπάντων [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 516 (_anapaest meter_); compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.59 (_superlative_), etc.)]; χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά proverbial cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Hp.Ma.” 304e, +others)], attributed to Solon by Scholia (at [prev. work]); χαλεπὸν ὁ βίος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.9.1, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 299e: with)]infinitive active or middle, χαλεπή τοι ἐγὼ μένος ἀντιφέρεσθαι, = {χαλεπόν ἐστί μοι ἀντιφέρεσθαί σοι}, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.482; χαλεποὶ δὲ θεοὶ φαίνεσθαι ἐναργεῖς 20.131)]; χαλεπὸν δέ τ᾽ ὀρύσσειν [τὸ μῶλυ] [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.305; χ. προϊδέσθαι καπρός 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 386; χ. ἔρις ἀνθρώποις ὁμιλεῖν κρεσσόνων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 10.72; χ. προσπολεμεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.138, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.51 (_comparative_))]; χ. συγγενέσθαι, εὑρεῖν, γενέσθαι, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 330c, 412b, 502c; χ. πάσχειν [prev. author] “Cri.” 49b (_comparative_))]: also with infinitive passive, χαλεπὸς διαγνωσθῆναι καὶ δειχθῆναι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.1, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.94, etc.; χαλεπὸν ληφθῆναι ὁ τόπος 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 212a8)]; χαλεπόν [ἐστι] with infinitive, 'tis hard, difficult to do, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.651)]; with accusative et infinitive, 'tis difficult for one to do.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.620, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.313)]: with dative et infinitive, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.184, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.156.)]
I.3 dangerous, λιμένες [Refs 5th c.BC+ (19.189; θάλασσα 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.24; χ. τὰ παρόντα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.2.2.)]
I.4 of ground, difficult, rugged, χωρία χ. καὶ πετρώδη [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.9; ὁδός [prev. author] 5.58, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 328e; χ... καὶ προσάντης.. ὁδός ἐστιν 4th c.BC: Anaxandrides Comicus 56; πρόσοδοι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 5.2.3; πορεία [prev. work] 5.6.10; σταθμός [prev. work] 4.5.3)]; χωρίον -ώτατον a place most difficult to take, [Refs ([prev. work] 4.8.2.)]
II of persons, hard to deal with, cruel, harsh, stern (opposed to πρᾷος, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 493b (_superlative_), 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1126a26), βασιλεύς, δαίμων, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.232, 19.201; χαλεποί τε καὶ ἄγριοι 8.575)]; -ώτερος a more bitter enemy, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.40)]; -ώτατοι most difficult to deal with, most dangerous or troublesome, [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 42, compare 7.21; -ώτεροι πάροικοι [prev. author] 3.113; χαλεπόν γε θυγάτηρ κτῆμα 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 18)]: with dative person, cruel or harsh towards one, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.388; τοῖς ξυμπροθυμηθεῖσι τὸν ἔκπλουν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.1, etc.)]; πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, τοὺς ἀγνῶτας, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 375c, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1328a8 (also πρὸς τοὺς δρόμους 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Cynegeticus” 5.17); ἐπὶ νύμφαις ἀλλοτρίαις 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 22.145.)]
II.b of words, χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.245, etc.; ἐρεθιζέμεν αἰεὶ μύθοισιν χ. 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.395)]; χ. ὀνείδεα, ὁμοκλαί, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.438, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.189; φῆμις 14.239; μῆνις 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.178.)]
II.c especially of judges, ἦν τὸ δίκαιον φυλάσσων χ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.100, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Critias” 107d, 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.36; also χ. ἀρχή 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.77; τιμωρία 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 39c (_comparative_))]; νόμοι [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Hp.Mi.” 372a (_comparative_), 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.44, 35.50.)]
II.d savage, fierce, κύνες [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 5.8.24, “Cyn.” 10.23)]; of bees, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 624b30 (_comparative_))]; [θηρία] χ. τὰς φύσεις [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 274b.)]
II.2 ill-tempered, testy, χ. ὢν καὶ δύσκολος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 942, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 19.26; ὀργὴν χ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.131)]; χαλεπῇ τῇ χειρί with a rough hand, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 1116.)]
II.3 of plants, hurtful to the soil, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 8.9.3 (_superlative_).)]
B adverb -πῶς hardly, with difficulty, διαγνῶναι χ. ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.424; χ. δέ σ᾽ ἔολπα τὸ ῥέξειν 20.186; χ. κε φύγοις κακόν 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 684; χ. ὀργὰς μεταβάλλουσιν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 121 (_anapaest meter_); χ. γνῶναι 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 3.2.1; τὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις χ. εὑρημένα ῥᾳδίως μανθάνειν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 1.18, compare 44)] οὐ or μὴ χ. without much ado, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.2, 7.81, etc.)]
B.2 hardly, scarcely, δοκέω.. χ. ἂν Ἕλληνας Πέρσῃσι μάχεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.103; χ. παρὰ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς εὑρεθήσεται 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 29.2; χ. ἂν πείσαιμι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 84d.)]
B.3 χ. ἔχει, ={χαλεπόν ἐστι}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.53)]: with accusative et infinitive, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 7.4.6.)]
B.4 painfully, miserably, -ώτερον ζῆν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579d; ἐν τοῖς -ώτατα διῆγον 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71.)]
B.II of persons, angrily, cruelly, harshly, χ. τιμωρεῖσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 3.46; ἀποκρίνασθαι [prev. author] 5.42, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 203 (_anapaest meter_), 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 60, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 269b)]; χ. φέρειν τι take it ill, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.16, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 330a, etc.)]; also χ. ἔφερον τῷ πολέμῳ, τοῖς πράγμασιν, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 5.1.29, “An.” 1.3.3; ἐπὶ τῇ πολιορκίᾳ [prev. author] “HG” 7.4.21, compare 1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis 3.50; also χ. φέρειν τινός 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.62; also χ. λαμβάνεσθαι τοῦ παιδός 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.121. ; χ. λαμβάνειν περί τινος 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.61)]; of the laws [Refs 5th c.BC+ (compare(above 11.1c), χ. προστάττειν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 925d.)]
B.II.2 frequently in the phrase χ. ἔχειν to be angry, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 6.4.16, etc.)]; τινι with one, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “HG” 1.5.16; πρὸς τοὺς λόγους 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 3.3, compare 51)] χ. ἔχειν τισὶν ἐπί τινι with persons for a thing, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 20.135, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Cicero” 43; χ. διακεῖσθαι πρὸς ἅπαντας 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator “Epistulae” 7.5; χ. πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν διακεῖσθαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 500b; χ. πρὸς ἡμᾶς διετέθησαν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 8.79; ἐπί τινι χ. διατεθείς 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Pericles” 36.)]
B.II.2.b χ. ἔχειν, also, to be in a bad way, χ. ἔχω ὑπὸ τοῦ πότου [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 176a, compare “Tht.” 142b.)]— Beside the regular comparative χαλεπώτερον [Refs 5th c.BC+ ((5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.77, 7.50, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 94d, etc.))] we have -ωτέρως[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.50, 8.40, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 6.7.1)]: superlative -ώτατα[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71, 8.95, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579d, etc.)]
difficult (ὃ ἂν μὴ ῥᾴδιον ᾖ ἀλλὰ διὰ πολλῶν πραγμάτων γίγνηται [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Protagoras” 341d: opposed to ῥᾴδιος, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Rhetorica” 1363a24, in various relations):)]
I in reference to the feelings, hard to bear, painful, grievous (so frequently in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus), κεραυνός 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.417; θύελλα 21.335; ἄνεμοι 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.286; πόνος 23.250; ἄλγος, πένθος, 2.193, 6.169; γῆρας 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 8.103; ἄλη 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.464; χαλεπώτερος ἄεθλος 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Theogonia” 800)]; ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων - ώτερα [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 6.40; χ. πνεῦμα 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Supplices” 166 (Lyric poetry); δύα [prev. author] “Th.” 228 (Lyric poetry))]; χαλεπώτατα [πράγματα] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 1273 (_anapaest meter_); συμφορά 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 768 (Lyric poetry))]; νόσος, πλάνη, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 4.37, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Sophista” 245e (_comparative_), etc.)]; ἡ ἐσβολὴ αὕτη -ωτάτη τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἐγένετο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.26)]; [θώρακες] δύσφοροι καὶ χ., of ill-fitting cuirasses, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 3.10.13: τὸ χ. τοῦ πνεύματος)] the severity of the wind, [Refs ([prev. author] “An.” 4.5.4)]; τὰ χ. hardships, opposed to τὰ τερπνά, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Mem.” 2.1.23, etc.; τερπνῶν χαλεπῶν τε κρίσις 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “Fragmenta.” 131, compare 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 5.9.14)]: comparative, more unpleasant, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Julianus Imperator “Orationes” 6.202c.)]
I.2 hard to do or deal with, difficult, irksome, -ώτατον ἔργον ἁπάντων [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 516 (_anapaest meter_); compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.59 (_superlative_), etc.)]; χαλεπὰ τὰ καλά proverbial cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Hp.Ma.” 304e, +others)], attributed to Solon by Scholia (at [prev. work]); χαλεπὸν ὁ βίος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 2.9.1, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 299e: with)]infinitive active or middle, χαλεπή τοι ἐγὼ μένος ἀντιφέρεσθαι, = {χαλεπόν ἐστί μοι ἀντιφέρεσθαί σοι}, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.482; χαλεποὶ δὲ θεοὶ φαίνεσθαι ἐναργεῖς 20.131)]; χαλεπὸν δέ τ᾽ ὀρύσσειν [τὸ μῶλυ] [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.305; χ. προϊδέσθαι καπρός 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 386; χ. ἔρις ἀνθρώποις ὁμιλεῖν κρεσσόνων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 10.72; χ. προσπολεμεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 4.138, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.51 (_comparative_))]; χ. συγγενέσθαι, εὑρεῖν, γενέσθαι, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 330c, 412b, 502c; χ. πάσχειν [prev. author] “Cri.” 49b (_comparative_))]: also with infinitive passive, χαλεπὸς διαγνωσθῆναι καὶ δειχθῆναι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.1, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.94, etc.; χαλεπὸν ληφθῆναι ὁ τόπος 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 212a8)]; χαλεπόν [ἐστι] with infinitive, 'tis hard, difficult to do, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.651)]; with accusative et infinitive, 'tis difficult for one to do.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 16.620, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 20.313)]: with dative et infinitive, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.184, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11.156.)]
I.3 dangerous, λιμένες [Refs 5th c.BC+ (19.189; θάλασσα 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.24; χ. τὰ παρόντα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 3.2.2.)]
I.4 of ground, difficult, rugged, χωρία χ. καὶ πετρώδη [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.9; ὁδός [prev. author] 5.58, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 328e; χ... καὶ προσάντης.. ὁδός ἐστιν 4th c.BC: Anaxandrides Comicus 56; πρόσοδοι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 5.2.3; πορεία [prev. work] 5.6.10; σταθμός [prev. work] 4.5.3)]; χωρίον -ώτατον a place most difficult to take, [Refs ([prev. work] 4.8.2.)]
II of persons, hard to deal with, cruel, harsh, stern (opposed to πρᾷος, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 493b (_superlative_), 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1126a26), βασιλεύς, δαίμων, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 2.232, 19.201; χαλεποί τε καὶ ἄγριοι 8.575)]; -ώτερος a more bitter enemy, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.40)]; -ώτατοι most difficult to deal with, most dangerous or troublesome, [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 42, compare 7.21; -ώτεροι πάροικοι [prev. author] 3.113; χαλεπόν γε θυγάτηρ κτῆμα 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 18)]: with dative person, cruel or harsh towards one, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.388; τοῖς ξυμπροθυμηθεῖσι τὸν ἔκπλουν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.1, etc.)]; πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, τοὺς ἀγνῶτας, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 375c, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1328a8 (also πρὸς τοὺς δρόμους 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Cynegeticus” 5.17); ἐπὶ νύμφαις ἀλλοτρίαις 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 22.145.)]
II.b of words, χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.245, etc.; ἐρεθιζέμεν αἰεὶ μύθοισιν χ. 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.395)]; χ. ὀνείδεα, ὁμοκλαί, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.438, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 17.189; φῆμις 14.239; μῆνις 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.178.)]
II.c especially of judges, ἦν τὸ δίκαιον φυλάσσων χ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.100, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Critias” 107d, 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.36; also χ. ἀρχή 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.77; τιμωρία 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 39c (_comparative_))]; νόμοι [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Hp.Mi.” 372a (_comparative_), 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 21.44, 35.50.)]
II.d savage, fierce, κύνες [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 5.8.24, “Cyn.” 10.23)]; of bees, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 624b30 (_comparative_))]; [θηρία] χ. τὰς φύσεις [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Politicus” 274b.)]
II.2 ill-tempered, testy, χ. ὢν καὶ δύσκολος [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 942, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 19.26; ὀργὴν χ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.131)]; χαλεπῇ τῇ χειρί with a rough hand, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 1116.)]
II.3 of plants, hurtful to the soil, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 8.9.3 (_superlative_).)]
B adverb -πῶς hardly, with difficulty, διαγνῶναι χ. ἦν ἄνδρα ἕκαστον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.424; χ. δέ σ᾽ ἔολπα τὸ ῥέξειν 20.186; χ. κε φύγοις κακόν 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 684; χ. ὀργὰς μεταβάλλουσιν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 121 (_anapaest meter_); χ. γνῶναι 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 3.2.1; τὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις χ. εὑρημένα ῥᾳδίως μανθάνειν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 1.18, compare 44)] οὐ or μὴ χ. without much ado, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.2, 7.81, etc.)]
B.2 hardly, scarcely, δοκέω.. χ. ἂν Ἕλληνας Πέρσῃσι μάχεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.103; χ. παρὰ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς εὑρεθήσεται 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 29.2; χ. ἂν πείσαιμι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 84d.)]
B.3 χ. ἔχει, ={χαλεπόν ἐστι}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.53)]: with accusative et infinitive, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 7.4.6.)]
B.4 painfully, miserably, -ώτερον ζῆν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579d; ἐν τοῖς -ώτατα διῆγον 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71.)]
B.II of persons, angrily, cruelly, harshly, χ. τιμωρεῖσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 3.46; ἀποκρίνασθαι [prev. author] 5.42, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 203 (_anapaest meter_), 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 60, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 269b)]; χ. φέρειν τι take it ill, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.16, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 330a, etc.)]; also χ. ἔφερον τῷ πολέμῳ, τοῖς πράγμασιν, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 5.1.29, “An.” 1.3.3; ἐπὶ τῇ πολιορκίᾳ [prev. author] “HG” 7.4.21, compare 1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis 3.50; also χ. φέρειν τινός 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.62; also χ. λαμβάνεσθαι τοῦ παιδός 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.121. ; χ. λαμβάνειν περί τινος 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.61)]; of the laws [Refs 5th c.BC+ (compare(above 11.1c), χ. προστάττειν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 925d.)]
B.II.2 frequently in the phrase χ. ἔχειν to be angry, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 6.4.16, etc.)]; τινι with one, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “HG” 1.5.16; πρὸς τοὺς λόγους 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 3.3, compare 51)] χ. ἔχειν τισὶν ἐπί τινι with persons for a thing, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 20.135, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Cicero” 43; χ. διακεῖσθαι πρὸς ἅπαντας 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator “Epistulae” 7.5; χ. πρὸς φιλοσοφίαν διακεῖσθαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 500b; χ. πρὸς ἡμᾶς διετέθησαν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 8.79; ἐπί τινι χ. διατεθείς 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Pericles” 36.)]
B.II.2.b χ. ἔχειν, also, to be in a bad way, χ. ἔχω ὑπὸ τοῦ πότου [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 176a, compare “Tht.” 142b.)]— Beside the regular comparative χαλεπώτερον [Refs 5th c.BC+ ((5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.77, 7.50, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 94d, etc.))] we have -ωτέρως[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.50, 8.40, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 6.7.1)]: superlative -ώτατα[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71, 8.95, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579d, etc.)]