Strong G5339φείδομαι
to spare
- Transliteration
- pheidomai
- Pronunciation
- fi'-dom-ahee
- Morphology
- Greek Verb
Definition
Of uncertain affinity; to be chary of that is (subjectively) to abstain or (objectively) to treat leniently: - forbear spare.
Detailed definition
φείδομαι
[in LXX for חָמַל, חוּס, חָשַׂךְ, etc.;]
to spare: 2Co.13:2; with genitive of person(s), Act.20:29, Rom.8:32 11:21, 1Co.7:28, 2Co.1:23, 2Pe.2:4-5; with inf., to forbear, 2Co.12:6.†
(AS)
[in LXX for חָמַל, חוּס, חָשַׂךְ, etc.;]
to spare: 2Co.13:2; with genitive of person(s), Act.20:29, Rom.8:32 11:21, 1Co.7:28, 2Co.1:23, 2Pe.2:4-5; with inf., to forbear, 2Co.12:6.†
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G5339 appears in 9 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- spar5
- spare4
- forbear1
- he1
- will1
First verses
- Acts 20:29For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock.
- Romans 8:32He that spared not his own Son, but delivered him up for us all, how shall he not with him also freely give us all things?
- Romans 11:21For if God spared not the natural branches, take heed lest he also spare not thee.
- 1 Corinthians 7:28But and if thou marry, thou hast not sinned; and if a virgin marry, she hath not sinned. Nevertheless such shall have trouble in the flesh: but I spare you.
- 2 Corinthians 1:23Moreover I call God for a record upon my soul, that to spare you I came not as yet unto Corinth.
- 2 Corinthians 12:6For though I would desire to glory, I shall not be a fool; for I will say the truth: but now I forbear, lest any man should think of me above that which he seeth me to be, or that he heareth of me.
- 2 Corinthians 13:2I told you before, and foretell you, as if I were present, the second time; and being absent now I write to them which heretofore have sinned, and to all other, that, if I come again, I will not spare:
- 2 Peter 2:4For if God spared not the angels that sinned, but cast them down to hell, and delivered them into chains of darkness, to be reserved unto judgment;
- 2 Peter 2:5And spared not the old world, but saved Noah the eighth person, a preacher of righteousness, bringing in the flood upon the world of the ungodly;
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
φείδομαι,
[Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Anacreon Lyricus 101, etc.:)]imperfect φείδοντο (without augment) even in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 716)] after a diphthong at the end of the preceding line: future φείσομαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 312 (troch.), 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 31a, etc.)], Epic dialect πεφῐδήσομαι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.215)], later future passive in middle sense φ[ε]ισθήσομαι [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (“PUniv.Giss.” 21.6 (2nd c.AD))]: aorist 1 ἐφεισάμην [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 32.1, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 412, 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 2.11, etc.)], Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular φείσατο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.236: _Epic dialect_ reduplicate)]aorist 2 πεφῐδόμην, used by [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus in _optative_ πεφῐδοίμην, πεφίδοιτο, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.277, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 20.464)], infinitive πεφιδέσθαι [Refs (21.101)]: perfect participle πεφεισμένος [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Hist.Conscr.” 59 (in middle sense, 2nd-3rd c.AD: Dio Cassius Historicus 50.20))]; Epic dialect imperative πεφίδησο [Refs (“IG” 14.1363.16)]; participle πεφιδημένος [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th-5th c.AD(?): Nonnus Epicus “Dionysiaca” 12.392)]:—spare:
I spare persons and things, e.g. in war, i.e. not destroy them, with genitive, Τρώων [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.101; ἀνδρός 24.158, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.277, 22.54, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 31a; Ἰλίου 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.215; Ἄρης οὐκ ἀγαθῶν φ. 6th c.BC: Anacreon Lyricus [same place]; ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ὧν Ἄρης ἐφείσατο 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 412; γῆς πατρίδος 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus)] [same place]; μὴ φείσῃ βίου spare not my life, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 749; μὴ φείδεσθε.. στρατοῦ [prev. author] “Aj.” 844; φ. μήτε ἰδίου μήτε δημοσίου οἰκοδομήματος 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.90, compare 3.74)]: absolutely, spare, be merciful, [Refs ([prev. work] 59.)]
II spare persons and things in using them, use sparingly, ἵππων φειδόμενος, i. e. taking care of them, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.202; πίθου μεσσόθι φ. 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 369)]; φ. ὃν εἶχε βίον (βίον by attraction to the relative) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 908; ἰδίᾳ μὲν τῶν [ὄντων] φείδομαι δημοσίᾳ δὲ λῃτουργῶν ἥδομαι 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 21.16; φείδεσθε τοὐλαίου σφόδρα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Comedy texts 190: in this sense, most frequently with a negative, οὐ φ.)] not to spare, i. e. to use or give freely, οὐδέ νυ τοῦ περ [δέπαος] φείσατο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.236; μὴ φείδεο σίτου 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 604; θνῄσκωμεν ψυχέων μηκέτι φειδόμενοι 7th c.BC: Tyrtaeus Elegiacus 10.14; τᾶς ζωᾶς [prev. author] 15.5; σφετέρας οὐ φείσατο νευρᾶς 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 6(5).33; φείδεο τῶν νεῶν, μηδὲ ναυμαχίην ποιέο 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.68. ; τούτων φ. μηδενός [prev. author] 9.41, compare 39; φείδοντο κέντρων οὐδέν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 716; οὐδὲν φ. αὐτῶν οὔτ᾽ ἐν πόνοις κτλ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 4.2.1, compare 7.1.29; οὔτε τοῦ σώματος οὔτε τῶν ὄντων 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 2.11; οὐδενὸς ἂν ἐφείσατο τῶν ἑαυτοῦ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 19.24; οὔθ᾽ ἱερῶν κτεάνων οὔτε τι δημοσίων φ. 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 4.13; μήτε χρημάτων μήτε πόνων 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 78a: later also with _accusative_, τῶν συμμάχων and τὰ τῶν συμμάχων both in 2nd-3rd c.AD: Dio Cassius Historicus 50.20.)]
II.2 absolutely, to be sparing, live thriftily, φείδεσθαι μὲν ἄμεινον [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 931; τοὺς φειδομένους καὶ τοὺς ἀκριβῶς διαιτῶντας 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.32; οἱ γεωργοῦντες καὶ φ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 24.172, compare 5th c.BC: Antipho Sophista 53)]; frequently in participle φειδόμενος, η, ον, thrifty, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 247, 553 (_anapaest meter_))], etc.; ὄμμασι φειδομένοις with shrinking, shy eyes, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (“Anthologia Graeca” 12.21 (2nd c.AD: Strato Epigrammaticus), compare 5.215 (6th c.AD: Agathias Historicus et Epigrammaticus), 268 ([prev. author]))]; αἱ μὴ φ. (i.e. μέλισσαι) the unthrifty ones, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 627a20: also ἔπαινοι πάνυ πεφεισμένοι 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Hist.Conscr.” 59; πεφιδημένα δάκτυλα 4th-5th c.AD(?): Nonnus Epicus “Dionysiaca” 12.392)]; compare πεφεισμένως, φειδομένως.
III have consideration for, τῆς τοῦ λόγου συμμετρίας [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.114b)]: with negative, pay no heed to, οὔτ᾽ ἀνθρώπων φείδεται οὔτε θεῶν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Anthologia Graeca” 5.278 (6th c.AD: Paulus Silentiarius Epigrammaticus), compare 7.706 (4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus).)]
IV draw back from, refrain from, θαλάσσας [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th-6th c.BC: Alcaeus Lyricus “Supp.” 4.13 (probably); κελεύθου 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.20; κινδύνου 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.5.18; τᾶς θήρας 2nd c.BC: Bion Bucolicus “fragment” 10.12)]; τοῦ λέγειν, τοῦ ἀκολουθεῖν, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.6.19 (variant), “HG” 7.1.24; φείδου μηδὲν ὧνπερ ἐννοεῖς 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 115, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 401, etc.; οὐδενὸς φεισάμενος οὔτε τῶν πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς οὔτε τῶν πρὸς τοὺς πολίτας δικαίων “SIG” 708.36 (Istropolis, 2nd c.BC): (_absolutely_, μὴ φείδεσθε 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1285; φείδου μηδέν [prev. author] “Hec.” 1044; μὴ φείδου, εἴ τι ἔχεις διδάσκειν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.6.35))]: with infinitive, spare to do, forbear from doing, uncertain in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 393 (perhaps _absolutely_, post φείδου δ᾽ distinguendum))]; also φ. μή τι δρᾶσαι τῶν τυραννικῶν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 574b; τί φειδόμεσθα τῶν λίθων.. μὴ οὐ καταξαίνειν τὸν ἄνδρ; 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 319 (troch.).)]
V in [Refs (LXX, with Preps., φ. ἐπί τινι)]have mercy upon.., [LXX (LXX.Jer.15.5, 21.7; ἐπί τινα [prev. author] 28(51).3)]; φ. περί τινος to keep one's hands off.., [LXX (LXX.2Ki.12.6 (but φ. περὶ κακώσεως)] spare to hurt, [LXX (LXX.Sir.13.12); φ. ὑπὲρ τῆς κολοκύνθης LXX.Jonah.4.10; ἀπό τινος LXX.1Ki.15.3, LXX.Eze.24.21)]; φ. τι ἀπό τινος keep it off, Jb.[Refs (30.10)]; φ. τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ θανάτου[LXX ([prev. work] 33.18, cf. LXX.Psa.18(19).14)]; φειδεύμενοι (from contraction φειδέομαι) is conjecture for φιλεύμεναι in [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Eusebius Myndius Philosophus 17.)]
[Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Anacreon Lyricus 101, etc.:)]imperfect φείδοντο (without augment) even in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 716)] after a diphthong at the end of the preceding line: future φείσομαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 312 (troch.), 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 31a, etc.)], Epic dialect πεφῐδήσομαι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.215)], later future passive in middle sense φ[ε]ισθήσομαι [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (“PUniv.Giss.” 21.6 (2nd c.AD))]: aorist 1 ἐφεισάμην [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 32.1, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 412, 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 2.11, etc.)], Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular φείσατο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.236: _Epic dialect_ reduplicate)]aorist 2 πεφῐδόμην, used by [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus in _optative_ πεφῐδοίμην, πεφίδοιτο, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.277, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 20.464)], infinitive πεφιδέσθαι [Refs (21.101)]: perfect participle πεφεισμένος [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Hist.Conscr.” 59 (in middle sense, 2nd-3rd c.AD: Dio Cassius Historicus 50.20))]; Epic dialect imperative πεφίδησο [Refs (“IG” 14.1363.16)]; participle πεφιδημένος [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th-5th c.AD(?): Nonnus Epicus “Dionysiaca” 12.392)]:—spare:
I spare persons and things, e.g. in war, i.e. not destroy them, with genitive, Τρώων [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 21.101; ἀνδρός 24.158, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.277, 22.54, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 31a; Ἰλίου 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.215; Ἄρης οὐκ ἀγαθῶν φ. 6th c.BC: Anacreon Lyricus [same place]; ἀπ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ὧν Ἄρης ἐφείσατο 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 412; γῆς πατρίδος 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus)] [same place]; μὴ φείσῃ βίου spare not my life, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 749; μὴ φείδεσθε.. στρατοῦ [prev. author] “Aj.” 844; φ. μήτε ἰδίου μήτε δημοσίου οἰκοδομήματος 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.90, compare 3.74)]: absolutely, spare, be merciful, [Refs ([prev. work] 59.)]
II spare persons and things in using them, use sparingly, ἵππων φειδόμενος, i. e. taking care of them, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.202; πίθου μεσσόθι φ. 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 369)]; φ. ὃν εἶχε βίον (βίον by attraction to the relative) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 908; ἰδίᾳ μὲν τῶν [ὄντων] φείδομαι δημοσίᾳ δὲ λῃτουργῶν ἥδομαι 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 21.16; φείδεσθε τοὐλαίου σφόδρα 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Comedy texts 190: in this sense, most frequently with a negative, οὐ φ.)] not to spare, i. e. to use or give freely, οὐδέ νυ τοῦ περ [δέπαος] φείσατο [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 24.236; μὴ φείδεο σίτου 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 604; θνῄσκωμεν ψυχέων μηκέτι φειδόμενοι 7th c.BC: Tyrtaeus Elegiacus 10.14; τᾶς ζωᾶς [prev. author] 15.5; σφετέρας οὐ φείσατο νευρᾶς 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 6(5).33; φείδεο τῶν νεῶν, μηδὲ ναυμαχίην ποιέο 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.68. ; τούτων φ. μηδενός [prev. author] 9.41, compare 39; φείδοντο κέντρων οὐδέν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 716; οὐδὲν φ. αὐτῶν οὔτ᾽ ἐν πόνοις κτλ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 4.2.1, compare 7.1.29; οὔτε τοῦ σώματος οὔτε τῶν ὄντων 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 2.11; οὐδενὸς ἂν ἐφείσατο τῶν ἑαυτοῦ 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 19.24; οὔθ᾽ ἱερῶν κτεάνων οὔτε τι δημοσίων φ. 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 4.13; μήτε χρημάτων μήτε πόνων 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 78a: later also with _accusative_, τῶν συμμάχων and τὰ τῶν συμμάχων both in 2nd-3rd c.AD: Dio Cassius Historicus 50.20.)]
II.2 absolutely, to be sparing, live thriftily, φείδεσθαι μὲν ἄμεινον [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 931; τοὺς φειδομένους καὶ τοὺς ἀκριβῶς διαιτῶντας 5th-6th c.BC: Andocides Orator 4.32; οἱ γεωργοῦντες καὶ φ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 24.172, compare 5th c.BC: Antipho Sophista 53)]; frequently in participle φειδόμενος, η, ον, thrifty, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Plutus” 247, 553 (_anapaest meter_))], etc.; ὄμμασι φειδομένοις with shrinking, shy eyes, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (“Anthologia Graeca” 12.21 (2nd c.AD: Strato Epigrammaticus), compare 5.215 (6th c.AD: Agathias Historicus et Epigrammaticus), 268 ([prev. author]))]; αἱ μὴ φ. (i.e. μέλισσαι) the unthrifty ones, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 627a20: also ἔπαινοι πάνυ πεφεισμένοι 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Hist.Conscr.” 59; πεφιδημένα δάκτυλα 4th-5th c.AD(?): Nonnus Epicus “Dionysiaca” 12.392)]; compare πεφεισμένως, φειδομένως.
III have consideration for, τῆς τοῦ λόγου συμμετρίας [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.114b)]: with negative, pay no heed to, οὔτ᾽ ἀνθρώπων φείδεται οὔτε θεῶν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Anthologia Graeca” 5.278 (6th c.AD: Paulus Silentiarius Epigrammaticus), compare 7.706 (4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus).)]
IV draw back from, refrain from, θαλάσσας [Refs 7th c.BC+ (7th-6th c.BC: Alcaeus Lyricus “Supp.” 4.13 (probably); κελεύθου 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.20; κινδύνου 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.5.18; τᾶς θήρας 2nd c.BC: Bion Bucolicus “fragment” 10.12)]; τοῦ λέγειν, τοῦ ἀκολουθεῖν, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.6.19 (variant), “HG” 7.1.24; φείδου μηδὲν ὧνπερ ἐννοεῖς 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 115, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 401, etc.; οὐδενὸς φεισάμενος οὔτε τῶν πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς οὔτε τῶν πρὸς τοὺς πολίτας δικαίων “SIG” 708.36 (Istropolis, 2nd c.BC): (_absolutely_, μὴ φείδεσθε 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1285; φείδου μηδέν [prev. author] “Hec.” 1044; μὴ φείδου, εἴ τι ἔχεις διδάσκειν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.6.35))]: with infinitive, spare to do, forbear from doing, uncertain in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 393 (perhaps _absolutely_, post φείδου δ᾽ distinguendum))]; also φ. μή τι δρᾶσαι τῶν τυραννικῶν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 574b; τί φειδόμεσθα τῶν λίθων.. μὴ οὐ καταξαίνειν τὸν ἄνδρ; 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 319 (troch.).)]
V in [Refs (LXX, with Preps., φ. ἐπί τινι)]have mercy upon.., [LXX (LXX.Jer.15.5, 21.7; ἐπί τινα [prev. author] 28(51).3)]; φ. περί τινος to keep one's hands off.., [LXX (LXX.2Ki.12.6 (but φ. περὶ κακώσεως)] spare to hurt, [LXX (LXX.Sir.13.12); φ. ὑπὲρ τῆς κολοκύνθης LXX.Jonah.4.10; ἀπό τινος LXX.1Ki.15.3, LXX.Eze.24.21)]; φ. τι ἀπό τινος keep it off, Jb.[Refs (30.10)]; φ. τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ θανάτου[LXX ([prev. work] 33.18, cf. LXX.Psa.18(19).14)]; φειδεύμενοι (from contraction φειδέομαι) is conjecture for φιλεύμεναι in [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Eusebius Myndius Philosophus 17.)]