Strong G4151G4151Gπνεῦμα
spirit/breath: spirit
One of the 2 senses of Strong G4151
- Transliteration
- pneuma
- Pronunciation
- pnyoo'-mah
- Morphology
- Greek Noun Neuter
Definition
From G4154; a current of air that is breath (blast) or a breeze; by analogy or figuratively a spirit that is (human) the rational soul (by implication) vital principle mental disposition etc. or (superhuman) an angel daemon or (divine) God Christ´ s spirit the Holy spirit : - ghost life spirit (-ual -ually) mind. Compare G5590 .
Detailed definition
πνεῦμα, -τος, τό,
[in LXX chiefly and very frequently for רוּחַ;]
1. of air in motion;
__(a) wind: Jhn.3:8; pl., Heb.1:7 (LXX);
__(b) breath: π. ζωῆς, Rev.11:11; π. τοῦ στόματος, figuratively, 2Th.2:8 (cf. Ps 32 (33)6).
2. Of the vital principle, the spirit (Arist., Polyb., al.): Luk.8:55, Jhn.19:30, Act.7:59, al.; opposite to σάρξ, Mat.26:41, Mrk.14:38, 1Co.5:5, al.; to σῶμα, Rom.8:10, 1Co.6:17 7:34, 1Pe.4:6; to ψυχή, Php.1:27, Heb.4:12; τὸ π. καὶ ἡ ψ. καὶ τ. σῶμα, 1Th.5:23 (M, Th., in l.); dative, τῷ π., in spirit, Mrk.2:8 8:12, Jhn.11:33 13:21, Act.18:25, Rom.12:11, 1Co.7:34, 1Pe.3:18, al.; of the human spirit of Christ, Rom.1:4, 1Ti.3:16.
3. spirit, i.e. frame of mind, disposition, influence: Luk.1:17, Rom.8:15, 1Co.4:21, Gal 6:1, Eph.2:2, 2Ti.1:7, 1Jn.4:6, al.
4. An incorporeal being, a spirit: Luk.24:37, 39 Act.23:8; π. ὁ θεός, God is spirit, Jhn.4:24; πατὴρ τῶν π., Heb.12:9; of disembodied human beings, Heb.12:23, 1Pe.3:19 (ICC, in l.; DB, iii, 795); of angels. Heb.1:14; of demons or evil spirits, Mat.8:16, Mrk.9:20, Luk.9:39, al.; π. πύθυωνα, Act.16:16; πνεύματα δαιμονίων, Rev.16:14; π. δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου, Luk.4:33; π. ἀσθενείας (Bl., §35, 5), Luk.13:11; π. ἀκάθαρτον, Mat.10:1, Mrk.1:23, Luk.4:36, Act.5:16; π. ἄλαλον (καὶ κωφόν), Mrk.9:17, 25; πονηρόν, Luk.7:21, Act.19:12, al.
5. Of the Holy Spirit, π. ἅγιον, τὸ ἅ. π., τὸ π. τὸ ἅ. τὸ π., π. (the article as a rule being used when the Spirit is regarded as a Person or a Divine Power, and omitted when the reference is to an operation, influence or gift of the Spirit; see WM, 151:5; Bl., §46, 7): anarth., Mat.1:18 3:11, 16 4:1, Mrk.1:8 (Swete, in l.), ib.10, Luk.1:15, Jhn.7:39, Act.19:2, Rom.5:5, 1Co.2:4, al.; with art., Mat.4:1 12:31, 32 Mrk.1:10 3:29, Luk.2:26, Jhn.7:36 14:26, Act.4:31 5:3, Rom.8:16, al.; (τὸ) π. (τοῦ) θεοῦ, Mat.3:16, Rom.8:9, Eph.3:16, 1Jn.4:2, al.; τὸ π. τ. πατρός, Mat.10:20; π. θεοῦ ζῶντος, 2Co.3:3; (τὸ) π. τοῦ κυρίου, Luk.4:18, Act.5:9 8:39; τὸ π. Ἰησοῦ, Act.16:7; Χριστοῦ, Rom.8:9; Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Php.1:19; τὸ π. τ. ἀληθείας, Jhn.15:26 16:13, 1Jn.4:6; λείγει (μαρτυρεῖ) τὸ π. (τὸ ἅγιον), Act.21:11 28:25, 1Ti.4:1, Heb.3:7 10:15, Rev.14:13; before τ. ἐκκλησίαις, Rev.2:7, 11 17, 29, 3:6, 12, 22; ἐν τ. π., Luk.2:27; κατὰ πνεῦμα, Rom.8:4, 5; ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ π., Jhn.3:5, διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου, Heb.9:14; ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος, 2Th.2:13, 1Pe.1:2; ἓν π., 1Co.12:13, Eph.2:18 4:4; ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ π. ἐστιν, 2Co.3:17; of that which is effected or governed by the Spirit, opposite to γράμμα, Rom.2:29 7:6, 2Co.3:6.
SYN.: νοῦς, which in NT is contrasted with π. as "the action of the understanding in man with that of the spiritual or ecstatic impulse" (DB, iv, 612); ψυχή — the usual term in cl. psychology—in NT, "expresses man as apart from God, a separate individual, π. expresses man as drawing his life from God" (DB, 1-vol., 872). (AS)
[in LXX chiefly and very frequently for רוּחַ;]
1. of air in motion;
__(a) wind: Jhn.3:8; pl., Heb.1:7 (LXX);
__(b) breath: π. ζωῆς, Rev.11:11; π. τοῦ στόματος, figuratively, 2Th.2:8 (cf. Ps 32 (33)6).
2. Of the vital principle, the spirit (Arist., Polyb., al.): Luk.8:55, Jhn.19:30, Act.7:59, al.; opposite to σάρξ, Mat.26:41, Mrk.14:38, 1Co.5:5, al.; to σῶμα, Rom.8:10, 1Co.6:17 7:34, 1Pe.4:6; to ψυχή, Php.1:27, Heb.4:12; τὸ π. καὶ ἡ ψ. καὶ τ. σῶμα, 1Th.5:23 (M, Th., in l.); dative, τῷ π., in spirit, Mrk.2:8 8:12, Jhn.11:33 13:21, Act.18:25, Rom.12:11, 1Co.7:34, 1Pe.3:18, al.; of the human spirit of Christ, Rom.1:4, 1Ti.3:16.
3. spirit, i.e. frame of mind, disposition, influence: Luk.1:17, Rom.8:15, 1Co.4:21, Gal 6:1, Eph.2:2, 2Ti.1:7, 1Jn.4:6, al.
4. An incorporeal being, a spirit: Luk.24:37, 39 Act.23:8; π. ὁ θεός, God is spirit, Jhn.4:24; πατὴρ τῶν π., Heb.12:9; of disembodied human beings, Heb.12:23, 1Pe.3:19 (ICC, in l.; DB, iii, 795); of angels. Heb.1:14; of demons or evil spirits, Mat.8:16, Mrk.9:20, Luk.9:39, al.; π. πύθυωνα, Act.16:16; πνεύματα δαιμονίων, Rev.16:14; π. δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου, Luk.4:33; π. ἀσθενείας (Bl., §35, 5), Luk.13:11; π. ἀκάθαρτον, Mat.10:1, Mrk.1:23, Luk.4:36, Act.5:16; π. ἄλαλον (καὶ κωφόν), Mrk.9:17, 25; πονηρόν, Luk.7:21, Act.19:12, al.
5. Of the Holy Spirit, π. ἅγιον, τὸ ἅ. π., τὸ π. τὸ ἅ. τὸ π., π. (the article as a rule being used when the Spirit is regarded as a Person or a Divine Power, and omitted when the reference is to an operation, influence or gift of the Spirit; see WM, 151:5; Bl., §46, 7): anarth., Mat.1:18 3:11, 16 4:1, Mrk.1:8 (Swete, in l.), ib.10, Luk.1:15, Jhn.7:39, Act.19:2, Rom.5:5, 1Co.2:4, al.; with art., Mat.4:1 12:31, 32 Mrk.1:10 3:29, Luk.2:26, Jhn.7:36 14:26, Act.4:31 5:3, Rom.8:16, al.; (τὸ) π. (τοῦ) θεοῦ, Mat.3:16, Rom.8:9, Eph.3:16, 1Jn.4:2, al.; τὸ π. τ. πατρός, Mat.10:20; π. θεοῦ ζῶντος, 2Co.3:3; (τὸ) π. τοῦ κυρίου, Luk.4:18, Act.5:9 8:39; τὸ π. Ἰησοῦ, Act.16:7; Χριστοῦ, Rom.8:9; Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, Php.1:19; τὸ π. τ. ἀληθείας, Jhn.15:26 16:13, 1Jn.4:6; λείγει (μαρτυρεῖ) τὸ π. (τὸ ἅγιον), Act.21:11 28:25, 1Ti.4:1, Heb.3:7 10:15, Rev.14:13; before τ. ἐκκλησίαις, Rev.2:7, 11 17, 29, 3:6, 12, 22; ἐν τ. π., Luk.2:27; κατὰ πνεῦμα, Rom.8:4, 5; ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ π., Jhn.3:5, διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου, Heb.9:14; ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος, 2Th.2:13, 1Pe.1:2; ἓν π., 1Co.12:13, Eph.2:18 4:4; ὁ δὲ κύριος τὸ π. ἐστιν, 2Co.3:17; of that which is effected or governed by the Spirit, opposite to γράμμα, Rom.2:29 7:6, 2Co.3:6.
SYN.: νοῦς, which in NT is contrasted with π. as "the action of the understanding in man with that of the spiritual or ecstatic impulse" (DB, iv, 612); ψυχή — the usual term in cl. psychology—in NT, "expresses man as apart from God, a separate individual, π. expresses man as drawing his life from God" (DB, 1-vol., 872). (AS)
In the Bible
Strong G4151G appears in 296 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- spirit249
- ghost50
- spirits4
- spiritual1
- spiritually1
First verses
- Matthew 3:11I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance: but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire:
- Matthew 3:16And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him:
- Matthew 4:1Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil.
- Matthew 5:3Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
- Matthew 8:16When the even was come, they brought unto him many that were possessed with devils: and he cast out the spirits with his word, and healed all that were sick:
- Matthew 10:1And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease.
- Matthew 10:20For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you.
- Matthew 12:18Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew judgment to the Gentiles.
- Matthew 12:28But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God is come unto you.
- Matthew 12:32And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come.
- Matthew 12:43When the unclean spirit is gone out of a man, he walketh through dry places, seeking rest, and findeth none.
- Matthew 12:45Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter in and dwell there: and the last state of that man is worse than the first. Even so shall it be also unto this wicked generation.
- Matthew 22:43He saith unto them, How then doth David in spirit call him Lord, saying,
- Matthew 26:41Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.
- Matthew 27:50Jesus, when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost.
- Mark 1:10And straightway coming up out of the water, he saw the heavens opened, and the Spirit like a dove descending upon him:
- Mark 1:12And immediately the Spirit driveth him into the wilderness.
- Mark 1:23And there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit; and he cried out,
- Mark 1:26And when the unclean spirit had torn him, and cried with a loud voice, he came out of him.
- Mark 1:27And they were all amazed, insomuch that they questioned among themselves, saying, What thing is this? what new doctrine is this? for with authority commandeth he even the unclean spirits, and they do obey him.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
πνεῦμα, ατος, τό,
(πνέω) blast, wind, first in [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Anaximenes Philosophus 2, ὅλον τὸν κόσμον π. καὶ ἀὴρ περιέχει)]: frequently in Trag., etc., ἀνέμων πνεύματα πάντων [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 1086 (_anapaest meter_), compare 1047 (_anapaest meter_))]; θαλάσσας.. πνεύματι λάβρῳ [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Pers.” 110 (Lyric poetry); πνευμάτων ἐπομβρίᾳ [prev. author] “fragment” 300.3; τέως δὲ κούφοις πνεύμασιν βόσκου 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 558; πνεύμασιν θαλασσίοις ἐξωσθέντες 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 278 (but πνοή)] is commoner in Poets; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus uses πνοιή); πνεύματα ἀνέμων 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.16. ; τὸ π. κατῄει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.84)]; κατὰ πρύμναν ἵσταται τὸ π.[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 97; τὸ π. λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκὸς λαβεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1003; τὸ π. ἔλαττον γίγνεται [prev. author] “Eq.” 441; εἰ φορὸν π. εἴη 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 6.2.27)]; κατὰ πνεῦμα στῆναι τοῦ ἄρρενος to leeward of him, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 560b14)]; but κατὰ π. προσιόντες down wind, [Refs ([prev. work] 535a19)]; πνεύματος ἀνείλησις, ἐκπύρωσις, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 2pp.44,45 U.)]; as an element, air, [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (Corp.Herm. 1.9, 16; τὸ π. τὸ περὶ τὴν ψυχήν 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 2.2.2, compare 3rd c.AD: Porphyrius Tyrius Philosophus “Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes” 29.)]
2 metaphorically, θαλερωτέρῳ π. with more genial breeze or influence, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 708 (Lyric poetry); λύσσης π. μάργῳ [prev. author] “Pr.” 884 (_anapaest meter_))]; αἰδοίῳ π. χώρας with air or spirit of respect on the part of the country, [Refs ([prev. author] “Supp.” 29 (_anapaest meter_))]; π. ταὐτὸν οὔποτ᾽.. ἐν ἀνδράσιν φίλοις βέβηκεν the wind is constantly changing even among friends, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 612; π. συμφορᾶς 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 1317; ὅταν θεοῦ σοι π. μεταβαλὸν τύχῃ [prev. author] “HF” 216.)]
II breathed air, breath, σάλπιγξ βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 568)]; αὐλῶν, λωτοῦ π., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 128 (Lyric poetry), “Ph.” 787 (Lyric poetry, _plural_))]; π. ἀπέρρηξεν βίου the breath of life, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 507; π. ἀπώλεσεν [prev. author] “Th.” 984 (Lyric poetry))]; π. ἄθροισον collect breath, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 851)]; π. ἀφεῖναι, ἀνεῖναι, μεθεῖναι, to give up the ghost, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Hec.” 571, “Or.” 277, “Tr.” 785 (_anapaest meter_); π. δειμαίνων λιπεῖν [prev. author] “Supp.” 554; π... δυσῶδες ἠφίει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.49)]; πνεύματος διαρροαί the wind-pipe, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 567; τὰς τοῦ π. διεξόδους ἀποφράττον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 91c (see. πνεύμων); πνεύματος ῥώμη 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.804b: proverbial, ἄνθρωπός ἐστι π. καὶ σκιὰ μόνον 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Fragmenta” 13.)]
II.2 breathing, respiration, frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus, π. πυκνόν, ἀραιόν, ἐκτεῖνον, κατεπεῖγον, “Epid.” 2.3.7; π. πυκνότερον “Acut.” 16)]; π. προσκόπτον checked, difficult breathing, Aph.[Refs (4.68)]; π. ἄσημον indistinct, feeble breathing, Epid.[Refs (6.7.8)]; π. βηχῶδες [Refs (“Coac.” 622)]; π. μετέωρον shallow breathing, Epid.[Refs (2.3.1)]; τὸ π. ἔχειν ἄνω to be out of breath, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 23, cf. Sosicrates Comicus 1)]; τὸ π. ἀνήνεγκαν recovered their breath, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “προρρητικόν” 2.12 (so without τὸ π. “Aph.” 2.43))]; but ἀναφέρουσιν.. κλαίοντά τε καὶ ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας ἀνέλκοντα τὸ π. they sob.., [Refs ([prev. author] “Hebd.” 51.)]
II.2.b plural, of the air imagined as filling the veins, πνευμάτων ἀπολήψιες ἀνὰ φλέβας [Refs ([prev. author])]Acut.(Sp.)[Refs (7, +others)]
II.3 flatulence, in plural, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 107.9, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Problemata” 948b25, 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 2.112, 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 6.94.)]
II.4 breath of life, π. ζωῆς [LXX+1st c.AD+ (LXX.Gen.6.17, 7.15, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Pericles” 13,etc.)]; π. ἔχειν retain life, [Refs 2nd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 31.10.4)]; living being, ἐγὼ Νίνος πάλαι ποτ᾽ ἐγενόμην π. [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Phoenix Iambographus 1.16)]; οὐ π. πάντα βρότεια σοὶ (i.e. Πλούτωνι) νέμετα; [Refs (“IG” 14.769 (from Naples).)]
II.5 that which is breathed forth or exhaled, odour, ὦ θεῖον ὀδμῆς π. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 1391)]; π. βαρὺ ἀφιεῖσα, of a tree, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.647b.)]
II.6 Grammars, breathing with which a vowel is pronounced, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ ([prev. work] 1009e (_plural_), 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Adverbiis;” 147.18)]; π. δασύ, ψιλόν, [Refs ([prev. author] “Pron.” 78.6, “Adv.” 148.9.)]
III divine inspiration, ἄγρια.. πνεύματα θευφορίης [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“Anthologia Graeca” 6.220.4 (3rd c.BC: Dioscorides Epigrammaticus); εἰ μή τι θεῖον.. ἐνῆν π. τῇ ψυχῇ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Axiochus” 370c; τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ δαιμόνιον ἐν μούσαις π. 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.605a; καθαρὸν δίκαιον.. π. θεοῦ σωτῆρος “BMus.Inscription” 1062 (Cyrene, 2nd c.AD).)]
IV the spirit of God, π. θεοῦ [LXX (LXX.Gen.1.2, etc.)]: frequently in NT, τὸ π. τὸ ἅγιον [NT (NT.Mark.3.29, +others)]
IV.2 spirit of man, εἴτ᾽ ἐστὶ τοῦτο π. θεῖον εἴτε νοῦς [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 482.3)]: in NT, opposed to ψυχή, [NT (NT.1Thes.5.23, cf. NT.Rom.8.2)]; τῷ π., opposed to τῷ σώματι, [NT (NT.1Cor.5.3)]; also, opposed to γράμμα, [NT (NT.Rom.2.29.)]
V spiritual or immaterial being, angel, [NT (NT.Heb.1.14, NT.Rev.1.4)]; τὰ ἄχραντα π., τὰ κακὰ π., [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus “de Mysteriis” 3.31)]; π. πονηρόν, ψευδές, [LXX+NT+3rd c.AD+ (LXX.Judg.9.23, LXX.1Ki.22.21, cf. NT.Act.19.12, 15, NT.Rev.16.14, 3rd c.AD: Porphyrius Tyrius Philosophus cited in 4th c.AD: Eusebius Caesariensis Scriptor Ecclesiasticus “Praeparatio Evangelica” 4.23, etc.)]; ἀλάλου καὶ κακοῦ π. οὖσα πλήρης (i.e. ἡ Πυθία) [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.438b.)]
VI Rhet., sentence declaimed in one breath, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Hermogenes Rhetor “περὶ εὑρέσεως” 3.10, 4.4, +others)]
(πνέω) blast, wind, first in [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Anaximenes Philosophus 2, ὅλον τὸν κόσμον π. καὶ ἀὴρ περιέχει)]: frequently in Trag., etc., ἀνέμων πνεύματα πάντων [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 1086 (_anapaest meter_), compare 1047 (_anapaest meter_))]; θαλάσσας.. πνεύματι λάβρῳ [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Pers.” 110 (Lyric poetry); πνευμάτων ἐπομβρίᾳ [prev. author] “fragment” 300.3; τέως δὲ κούφοις πνεύμασιν βόσκου 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 558; πνεύμασιν θαλασσίοις ἐξωσθέντες 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Cyclops” 278 (but πνοή)] is commoner in Poets; [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus uses πνοιή); πνεύματα ἀνέμων 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 7.16. ; τὸ π. κατῄει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.84)]; κατὰ πρύμναν ἵσταται τὸ π.[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 97; τὸ π. λεῖον καὶ καθεστηκὸς λαβεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1003; τὸ π. ἔλαττον γίγνεται [prev. author] “Eq.” 441; εἰ φορὸν π. εἴη 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 6.2.27)]; κατὰ πνεῦμα στῆναι τοῦ ἄρρενος to leeward of him, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 560b14)]; but κατὰ π. προσιόντες down wind, [Refs ([prev. work] 535a19)]; πνεύματος ἀνείλησις, ἐκπύρωσις, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 2pp.44,45 U.)]; as an element, air, [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (Corp.Herm. 1.9, 16; τὸ π. τὸ περὶ τὴν ψυχήν 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 2.2.2, compare 3rd c.AD: Porphyrius Tyrius Philosophus “Sententiae ad intelligibilia ducentes” 29.)]
2 metaphorically, θαλερωτέρῳ π. with more genial breeze or influence, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Septem contra Thebas” 708 (Lyric poetry); λύσσης π. μάργῳ [prev. author] “Pr.” 884 (_anapaest meter_))]; αἰδοίῳ π. χώρας with air or spirit of respect on the part of the country, [Refs ([prev. author] “Supp.” 29 (_anapaest meter_))]; π. ταὐτὸν οὔποτ᾽.. ἐν ἀνδράσιν φίλοις βέβηκεν the wind is constantly changing even among friends, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 612; π. συμφορᾶς 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Iphigenia Taurica” 1317; ὅταν θεοῦ σοι π. μεταβαλὸν τύχῃ [prev. author] “HF” 216.)]
II breathed air, breath, σάλπιγξ βροτείου πνεύματος πληρουμένη [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 568)]; αὐλῶν, λωτοῦ π., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Bacchae” 128 (Lyric poetry), “Ph.” 787 (Lyric poetry, _plural_))]; π. ἀπέρρηξεν βίου the breath of life, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 507; π. ἀπώλεσεν [prev. author] “Th.” 984 (Lyric poetry))]; π. ἄθροισον collect breath, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 851)]; π. ἀφεῖναι, ἀνεῖναι, μεθεῖναι, to give up the ghost, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Hec.” 571, “Or.” 277, “Tr.” 785 (_anapaest meter_); π. δειμαίνων λιπεῖν [prev. author] “Supp.” 554; π... δυσῶδες ἠφίει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.49)]; πνεύματος διαρροαί the wind-pipe, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 567; τὰς τοῦ π. διεξόδους ἀποφράττον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 91c (see. πνεύμων); πνεύματος ῥώμη 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.804b: proverbial, ἄνθρωπός ἐστι π. καὶ σκιὰ μόνον 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Fragmenta” 13.)]
II.2 breathing, respiration, frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus, π. πυκνόν, ἀραιόν, ἐκτεῖνον, κατεπεῖγον, “Epid.” 2.3.7; π. πυκνότερον “Acut.” 16)]; π. προσκόπτον checked, difficult breathing, Aph.[Refs (4.68)]; π. ἄσημον indistinct, feeble breathing, Epid.[Refs (6.7.8)]; π. βηχῶδες [Refs (“Coac.” 622)]; π. μετέωρον shallow breathing, Epid.[Refs (2.3.1)]; τὸ π. ἔχειν ἄνω to be out of breath, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 23, cf. Sosicrates Comicus 1)]; τὸ π. ἀνήνεγκαν recovered their breath, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “προρρητικόν” 2.12 (so without τὸ π. “Aph.” 2.43))]; but ἀναφέρουσιν.. κλαίοντά τε καὶ ἐς τὰς ῥῖνας ἀνέλκοντα τὸ π. they sob.., [Refs ([prev. author] “Hebd.” 51.)]
II.2.b plural, of the air imagined as filling the veins, πνευμάτων ἀπολήψιες ἀνὰ φλέβας [Refs ([prev. author])]Acut.(Sp.)[Refs (7, +others)]
II.3 flatulence, in plural, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 107.9, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Problemata” 948b25, 1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 2.112, 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 6.94.)]
II.4 breath of life, π. ζωῆς [LXX+1st c.AD+ (LXX.Gen.6.17, 7.15, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Pericles” 13,etc.)]; π. ἔχειν retain life, [Refs 2nd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 31.10.4)]; living being, ἐγὼ Νίνος πάλαι ποτ᾽ ἐγενόμην π. [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Phoenix Iambographus 1.16)]; οὐ π. πάντα βρότεια σοὶ (i.e. Πλούτωνι) νέμετα; [Refs (“IG” 14.769 (from Naples).)]
II.5 that which is breathed forth or exhaled, odour, ὦ θεῖον ὀδμῆς π. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 1391)]; π. βαρὺ ἀφιεῖσα, of a tree, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.647b.)]
II.6 Grammars, breathing with which a vowel is pronounced, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ ([prev. work] 1009e (_plural_), 2nd c.AD: Apollonius Dyscolus Grammaticus “de Adverbiis;” 147.18)]; π. δασύ, ψιλόν, [Refs ([prev. author] “Pron.” 78.6, “Adv.” 148.9.)]
III divine inspiration, ἄγρια.. πνεύματα θευφορίης [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“Anthologia Graeca” 6.220.4 (3rd c.BC: Dioscorides Epigrammaticus); εἰ μή τι θεῖον.. ἐνῆν π. τῇ ψυχῇ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Axiochus” 370c; τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ δαιμόνιον ἐν μούσαις π. 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.605a; καθαρὸν δίκαιον.. π. θεοῦ σωτῆρος “BMus.Inscription” 1062 (Cyrene, 2nd c.AD).)]
IV the spirit of God, π. θεοῦ [LXX (LXX.Gen.1.2, etc.)]: frequently in NT, τὸ π. τὸ ἅγιον [NT (NT.Mark.3.29, +others)]
IV.2 spirit of man, εἴτ᾽ ἐστὶ τοῦτο π. θεῖον εἴτε νοῦς [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus 482.3)]: in NT, opposed to ψυχή, [NT (NT.1Thes.5.23, cf. NT.Rom.8.2)]; τῷ π., opposed to τῷ σώματι, [NT (NT.1Cor.5.3)]; also, opposed to γράμμα, [NT (NT.Rom.2.29.)]
V spiritual or immaterial being, angel, [NT (NT.Heb.1.14, NT.Rev.1.4)]; τὰ ἄχραντα π., τὰ κακὰ π., [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus “de Mysteriis” 3.31)]; π. πονηρόν, ψευδές, [LXX+NT+3rd c.AD+ (LXX.Judg.9.23, LXX.1Ki.22.21, cf. NT.Act.19.12, 15, NT.Rev.16.14, 3rd c.AD: Porphyrius Tyrius Philosophus cited in 4th c.AD: Eusebius Caesariensis Scriptor Ecclesiasticus “Praeparatio Evangelica” 4.23, etc.)]; ἀλάλου καὶ κακοῦ π. οὖσα πλήρης (i.e. ἡ Πυθία) [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.438b.)]
VI Rhet., sentence declaimed in one breath, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Hermogenes Rhetor “περὶ εὑρέσεως” 3.10, 4.4, +others)]