Strong G4100πιστεύω
to trust (in)
- Transliteration
- pisteuō
- Pronunciation
- pist-yoo'-o
- Morphology
- Greek Verb
Definition
From G4102; to have faith (in upon or with respect to a person or thing) that is credit; by implication to entrust (especially one´ s spiritual well being to Christ): - believe (-r) commit (to trust) put in trust with.
Detailed definition
πιστεύω,
[in LXX chiefly for אמן hi.;]
1. intrans., to have faith (in), to believe; in cl., with accusative, dative, in NT also with prep, (on the significance of the various constructions, see M, Pr., 67f.; Vau. on Rom.4:5; Ellic. on 1Ti.1:16; Abbott, JV, 19-80): absol., Mat.24:23, 26 Mrk.13:21, 1Co.11:18; with accusative of thing(s), Act.13:41, 1Co.13:7; with dative of person(s) (to believe what one says), Mrk.16:[13, 14], 1Jn.4:1; τ. ψεύδει, 2Th.2:11; περί... ὅτι, Jhn.9:18; esp. and most frequently with reference to religious belief: absol., Mat.8:13, Mrk.5:36, Luk.8:50, Jhn.11:40, al.; before ὅτι, Mat.9:28, al.; with dative (see supr., and cf. DB, i, 829a), Jhn.3:12 5:24 6:30 8:31, Act.16:34, Gal.3:6" (LXX), 2Ti.1:12, 1Jn.5:10, al.; with prep., (expressing personal trust and reliance as distinct from mere credence or belief; see M, Pr., l.with; DB, i, 829b), to believe in or on: ἐν (Psa.77 (78):22, al.), Mrk.1:15 (see Swete, in l.); εἰς, Mat.18:6, Jhn.2:11 (see Westc., in l.), and freq., Act.10:43 19:4, Rom.10:14, Gal.2:16, Php.1:29, I Jhn.5:10, 1Pe.1:8; εἰς τ. ὄνομα, Jhn.1:12 2:23 3:18, 1Jn.5:13; ἐπί, with accusative, Mat.27:42, Act.9:42 11:17 16:31 22:19, Rom.4:5; ἐπί, with dative, Rom.9:33 (LXX) 10:11 (ib.), 1Ti.1:16, 1Pe.2:6" (LXX); ptcp. pres., οἱ π., as subst., Act.2:44, Rom.3:22, 1Co.1:21, al.; aor., Mrk.16:[16], Act.4:32; pf., Act.19:18 21:20 (on Johannine use of the tenses of π., see Westc, Epp. Jo., 120).
2. Trans., to entrust: with accusative and dative, Luk.16:11, Jhn.2:24; pass., to be entrusted with: with accusative, Rom.3:2, 1Co.9:17, Gal.2:7, 1Th.2:4 (see Lft., Notes, 21f.), 1Ti.1:11, Tit.1:3.
(AS)
[in LXX chiefly for אמן hi.;]
1. intrans., to have faith (in), to believe; in cl., with accusative, dative, in NT also with prep, (on the significance of the various constructions, see M, Pr., 67f.; Vau. on Rom.4:5; Ellic. on 1Ti.1:16; Abbott, JV, 19-80): absol., Mat.24:23, 26 Mrk.13:21, 1Co.11:18; with accusative of thing(s), Act.13:41, 1Co.13:7; with dative of person(s) (to believe what one says), Mrk.16:[13, 14], 1Jn.4:1; τ. ψεύδει, 2Th.2:11; περί... ὅτι, Jhn.9:18; esp. and most frequently with reference to religious belief: absol., Mat.8:13, Mrk.5:36, Luk.8:50, Jhn.11:40, al.; before ὅτι, Mat.9:28, al.; with dative (see supr., and cf. DB, i, 829a), Jhn.3:12 5:24 6:30 8:31, Act.16:34, Gal.3:6" (LXX), 2Ti.1:12, 1Jn.5:10, al.; with prep., (expressing personal trust and reliance as distinct from mere credence or belief; see M, Pr., l.with; DB, i, 829b), to believe in or on: ἐν (Psa.77 (78):22, al.), Mrk.1:15 (see Swete, in l.); εἰς, Mat.18:6, Jhn.2:11 (see Westc., in l.), and freq., Act.10:43 19:4, Rom.10:14, Gal.2:16, Php.1:29, I Jhn.5:10, 1Pe.1:8; εἰς τ. ὄνομα, Jhn.1:12 2:23 3:18, 1Jn.5:13; ἐπί, with accusative, Mat.27:42, Act.9:42 11:17 16:31 22:19, Rom.4:5; ἐπί, with dative, Rom.9:33 (LXX) 10:11 (ib.), 1Ti.1:16, 1Pe.2:6" (LXX); ptcp. pres., οἱ π., as subst., Act.2:44, Rom.3:22, 1Co.1:21, al.; aor., Mrk.16:[16], Act.4:32; pf., Act.19:18 21:20 (on Johannine use of the tenses of π., see Westc, Epp. Jo., 120).
2. Trans., to entrust: with accusative and dative, Luk.16:11, Jhn.2:24; pass., to be entrusted with: with accusative, Rom.3:2, 1Co.9:17, Gal.2:7, 1Th.2:4 (see Lft., Notes, 21f.), 1Ti.1:11, Tit.1:3.
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G4100 appears in 220 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- believe178
- believeth28
- thou6
- ye6
- commit4
- do4
- unto3
- believed2
- have2
- trust2
- believer1
- believest1
First verses
- Matthew 8:13And Jesus said unto the centurion, Go thy way; and as thou hast believed, so be it done unto thee. And his servant was healed in the selfsame hour.
- Matthew 9:28And when he was come into the house, the blind men came to him: and Jesus saith unto them, Believe ye that I am able to do this? They said unto him, Yea, Lord.
- Matthew 18:6But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea.
- Matthew 21:22And all things, whatsoever ye shall ask in prayer, believing, ye shall receive.
- Matthew 21:25The baptism of John, whence was it? from heaven, or of men? And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say unto us, Why did ye not then believe him?
- Matthew 21:32For John came unto you in the way of righteousness, and ye believed him not: but the publicans and the harlots believed him: and ye, when ye had seen it, repented not afterward, that ye might believe him.
- Matthew 24:23Then if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or there; believe it not.
- Matthew 24:26Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not.
- Matthew 27:42He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will believe him.
- Mark 1:15And saying, The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand: repent ye, and believe the gospel.
- Mark 5:36As soon as Jesus heard the word that was spoken, he saith unto the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe.
- Mark 9:23Jesus said unto him, If thou canst believe, all things are possible to him that believeth.
- Mark 9:24And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said with tears, Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief.
- Mark 9:42And whosoever shall offend one of these little ones that believe in me, it is better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he were cast into the sea.
- Mark 11:23For verily I say unto you, That whosoever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith.
- Mark 11:24Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them.
- Mark 11:31And they reasoned with themselves, saying, If we shall say, From heaven; he will say, Why then did ye not believe him?
- Mark 13:21And then if any man shall say to you, Lo, here is Christ; or, lo, he is there; believe him not:
- Mark 15:32Let Christ the King of Israel descend now from the cross, that we may see and believe. And they that were crucified with him reviled him.
- Mark 16:13And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
πιστ-εύω,
future -εύσω: pluperfect πεπιστεύκειν [NT (NT.Act.14.23)]: (πίστις):—trust, put faith in, rely on a person, thing, or statement, τινι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.24; τῷ λόγῳ [prev. author] 2.118, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 886, etc.; π. θεῶν θεσφάτοισι 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 800; τῇ τύχῃ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.112; σφίσιν αὐτοῖς [prev. author] 3.5; ταῖς ἀληθείαις 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 44.3)]; [σημείοις] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.81; π. τινὶ περί τινος 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1157a21; ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 2.43.2: with _neuter_)] adjective or pronoun, λόγοις ἐμοῖσι πίστευσον τάδε believe my words herein, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 710; τοῦτ᾽.. Αἰγυπτίοις πιστεῦσαι δεῖ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Meteorologica” 343b10; μὴ πάντα πειρῶ πᾶσι πιστεύειν 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Μονόστιχοι - Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum” 335: later with Preps., π. ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ, LXX.Psa.77(78).22, NT.Mark.1.15; π. εἰς τὸν Θεόν NT.John.14.1, +others)]; εἰς τὸ ὄνομά τινος[NT ([prev. work] 1.12; π. ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον NT.Act.9.42)]: absolutely, believe, περὶ μὲν τούτου.. οὔτε ἀπιστέω οὔτε ὦν π. τι λίην [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.96)]; χαλεπὰ παντὶ ἑξῆς τεκμηρίῳ πιστεῦσαι although it is hard to believe every single bit of evidence about them, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.20: with _accusative_ _cognate_, π. δόξαν)] entertain a confident opinion, [Refs ([prev. author] 5.105)]:—passive, to be trusted or believed, ἄνδρες ἄξιοι πιστεύεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Laches” 181b, compare “Ep.” 309a, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 4.2.8)]; πιστευθῆναι ὑπό τινος enjoy his confidence,[Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 6.1.39, compare “An.” 7.6.33; π. παρά τινι 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 23.4, 58.44; πρός τινας [prev. author] 20.25)]; ὡς πιστευθησόμενος as if he would be believed, [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 27.54, compare 36.43; π. ὡς δημοτικὸς ὤν 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1305a28)]; πιστεύονται [οἱ λόγοι] [Refs ([prev. author] “EN” 1172b6)]; ἐπιστεύοντο ἃ ἔλεγον they were believed in what they said, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 32.4)]; πρόγνωσιν ἐπεπίστευντο were believed to possess foreknowledge, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD: Josephus Historicus “Antiquitates Judaicae” 17.2.4.)]
2 comply, ὡς οὐχ ὑπείξων οὐδὲ πιστεύσων λέγει; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 625, compare 646)]; opposed to ἀπιστέω, [Refs ([prev. author] “Tr.” 1228.)]
3 with infinitive, believe that, feel confident that a thing is, will be, has been, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 146; ἀληθῆ εἶναι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 524a, compare “R.” 450d; ὃς ἂν γνώμῃ πιστεύῃ τῶν ἐναντίων προὔχειν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.62; προέσθαι τὴν προῖκ᾽ οὐκ ἐπίστευσεν 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 30.7)]; π. ὡς.., ὅτι.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Hiero” 1.37, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 254a3, +others: the)]infinitive is sometimes omitted, τὰ μὲν οὐ πιστεύουσιν οἱ νέοι (i.e. εἶναι or γεγονέναι) [Refs ([prev. author] “EN” 1142a19, compare “APr.” 68b13, “GA” 716a7)]:—passive, παρὰ Διὸς.. οἱ νόμοι πεπιστευμένοι ἦσαν γεγονέναι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 636d)]; πιστευθεὶς ἀληθεύσειν believed sure to.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.7.25; ὁ ἥλιος.. πεπίστευται εἶναι μείζων τῆς οἰκουμένης 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 428b4; πρῶτοι νόμοις ἐγγράπτοις χρήσασθαι πεπιστευμένοι 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus 6.1.8)]: without infinitive, πιστευθείσης εἱμαρμένης αἴρεται πᾶσα νουθεσία [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Diogenes Oenoandensis Epicureus 33, compare 23.)]
4 with dative et infinitive, τοῖσι ἐπίστευε σιγᾶν to whom he trusted that they would keep silence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.110, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.3.55, 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 19.54.)]
5 have faith, [NT (NT.Acts.2.44, 19.18, etc.)]
II π. τινί τι entrust something to another, τινὶ ἡγεμονίαν, χρήματα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 4.4.17, “Smp.” 8.36; τὰν ὠνὰν τῷ θεῷ “GDI” 1684, +others (Delph.); γυναικὶ μὴ πίστευε τὸν.. βίον 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Μονόστιχοι - Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum” 86; also περὶ τῶν ἐμῶν τούτῳ ἀξιῶ πιστεύειν ὑμᾶς 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 30.7)]:—middle, have entrusted to one, ἀρχήν Berichte der russ. Akad. fuür Gesch. der materiellen Kultur [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (4.82 (Olbia, 2nd-3rd c.AD):)] —passive, πιστεύεσθαί τι to be entrusted with a thing, have it committed to one, παρά or ὑπό τινος, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 3.69.1, 3rd c.BC: Phylarchus Historicus 24J., cf. Vett. Val. 65.3)]: with infinitive, πιστευθέντας τοῖς ἐχθροῖς διαφθείρειν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1287a39 (nisi to be read πεισθέντας))]: with genitive, πιστευθεὶς τῆς Κύπρου [Refs 2nd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 18.55.6, compare 6.56.13, 1st c.BC: Diodorus Siculus Historicus 12.15, etc.)]
future -εύσω: pluperfect πεπιστεύκειν [NT (NT.Act.14.23)]: (πίστις):—trust, put faith in, rely on a person, thing, or statement, τινι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.24; τῷ λόγῳ [prev. author] 2.118, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 886, etc.; π. θεῶν θεσφάτοισι 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 800; τῇ τύχῃ 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.112; σφίσιν αὐτοῖς [prev. author] 3.5; ταῖς ἀληθείαις 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 44.3)]; [σημείοις] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.81; π. τινὶ περί τινος 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1157a21; ὑπὲρ τῶν ὅλων 2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 2.43.2: with _neuter_)] adjective or pronoun, λόγοις ἐμοῖσι πίστευσον τάδε believe my words herein, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 710; τοῦτ᾽.. Αἰγυπτίοις πιστεῦσαι δεῖ 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Meteorologica” 343b10; μὴ πάντα πειρῶ πᾶσι πιστεύειν 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Μονόστιχοι - Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum” 335: later with Preps., π. ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ, LXX.Psa.77(78).22, NT.Mark.1.15; π. εἰς τὸν Θεόν NT.John.14.1, +others)]; εἰς τὸ ὄνομά τινος[NT ([prev. work] 1.12; π. ἐπὶ τὸν Κύριον NT.Act.9.42)]: absolutely, believe, περὶ μὲν τούτου.. οὔτε ἀπιστέω οὔτε ὦν π. τι λίην [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 4.96)]; χαλεπὰ παντὶ ἑξῆς τεκμηρίῳ πιστεῦσαι although it is hard to believe every single bit of evidence about them, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.20: with _accusative_ _cognate_, π. δόξαν)] entertain a confident opinion, [Refs ([prev. author] 5.105)]:—passive, to be trusted or believed, ἄνδρες ἄξιοι πιστεύεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Laches” 181b, compare “Ep.” 309a, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 4.2.8)]; πιστευθῆναι ὑπό τινος enjoy his confidence,[Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 6.1.39, compare “An.” 7.6.33; π. παρά τινι 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 23.4, 58.44; πρός τινας [prev. author] 20.25)]; ὡς πιστευθησόμενος as if he would be believed, [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 27.54, compare 36.43; π. ὡς δημοτικὸς ὤν 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1305a28)]; πιστεύονται [οἱ λόγοι] [Refs ([prev. author] “EN” 1172b6)]; ἐπιστεύοντο ἃ ἔλεγον they were believed in what they said, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 32.4)]; πρόγνωσιν ἐπεπίστευντο were believed to possess foreknowledge, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD: Josephus Historicus “Antiquitates Judaicae” 17.2.4.)]
2 comply, ὡς οὐχ ὑπείξων οὐδὲ πιστεύσων λέγει; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 625, compare 646)]; opposed to ἀπιστέω, [Refs ([prev. author] “Tr.” 1228.)]
3 with infinitive, believe that, feel confident that a thing is, will be, has been, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hercules Furens” 146; ἀληθῆ εἶναι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 524a, compare “R.” 450d; ὃς ἂν γνώμῃ πιστεύῃ τῶν ἐναντίων προὔχειν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.62; προέσθαι τὴν προῖκ᾽ οὐκ ἐπίστευσεν 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 30.7)]; π. ὡς.., ὅτι.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Hiero” 1.37, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Physica” 254a3, +others: the)]infinitive is sometimes omitted, τὰ μὲν οὐ πιστεύουσιν οἱ νέοι (i.e. εἶναι or γεγονέναι) [Refs ([prev. author] “EN” 1142a19, compare “APr.” 68b13, “GA” 716a7)]:—passive, παρὰ Διὸς.. οἱ νόμοι πεπιστευμένοι ἦσαν γεγονέναι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 636d)]; πιστευθεὶς ἀληθεύσειν believed sure to.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.7.25; ὁ ἥλιος.. πεπίστευται εἶναι μείζων τῆς οἰκουμένης 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 428b4; πρῶτοι νόμοις ἐγγράπτοις χρήσασθαι πεπιστευμένοι 1st c.BC-1st c.AD: Strabo Geographus 6.1.8)]: without infinitive, πιστευθείσης εἱμαρμένης αἴρεται πᾶσα νουθεσία [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Diogenes Oenoandensis Epicureus 33, compare 23.)]
4 with dative et infinitive, τοῖσι ἐπίστευε σιγᾶν to whom he trusted that they would keep silence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.110, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.3.55, 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 19.54.)]
5 have faith, [NT (NT.Acts.2.44, 19.18, etc.)]
II π. τινί τι entrust something to another, τινὶ ἡγεμονίαν, χρήματα, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 4.4.17, “Smp.” 8.36; τὰν ὠνὰν τῷ θεῷ “GDI” 1684, +others (Delph.); γυναικὶ μὴ πίστευε τὸν.. βίον 4th-3rd c.BC: Menander Comicus “Μονόστιχοι - Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum” 86; also περὶ τῶν ἐμῶν τούτῳ ἀξιῶ πιστεύειν ὑμᾶς 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 30.7)]:—middle, have entrusted to one, ἀρχήν Berichte der russ. Akad. fuür Gesch. der materiellen Kultur [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (4.82 (Olbia, 2nd-3rd c.AD):)] —passive, πιστεύεσθαί τι to be entrusted with a thing, have it committed to one, παρά or ὑπό τινος, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 3.69.1, 3rd c.BC: Phylarchus Historicus 24J., cf. Vett. Val. 65.3)]: with infinitive, πιστευθέντας τοῖς ἐχθροῖς διαφθείρειν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Politica” 1287a39 (nisi to be read πεισθέντας))]: with genitive, πιστευθεὶς τῆς Κύπρου [Refs 2nd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 18.55.6, compare 6.56.13, 1st c.BC: Diodorus Siculus Historicus 12.15, etc.)]