Strong G302ἄν
if
- Transliteration
- an
- Pronunciation
- an
- Morphology
- Greek Conditional
Definition
A primary particle denoting a supposition wish 6
possibility or uncertainty : - [what- where- whither- who-]soever. Usually unexpressed except by the subjunctive or potential mood. Also contraction for G1437 .
possibility or uncertainty : - [what- where- whither- who-]soever. Usually unexpressed except by the subjunctive or potential mood. Also contraction for G1437 .
Detailed definition
ἄν,
conditional particle,
which cannot usually be separately translated in English, its force depending on the constructions which contain it (see further, LS, see word; WM, §xlii; M, Pr., 165 ff.; MM, VGT, see word).
1. In apodosis,
__(i) with indic, imperfect or aor., expressing what would be or would have been if (εἰ with impf., aor. or plpf.) some condition were or had been fulfilled: Luk.7:39 17:6, Jhn.5:46, Gal.1:10, Mat.12:7 24:43, 1Co.2:8, Act.18:14, 1Jn.2:19, al. The protasis is sometimes understood (as also in cl.): Mat.25:27, Luk.19:23. In hypothetical sentences, expressing unreality, ἄν (as often in late writers, more rarely in cl.) is omitted: Jhn.8:39 15:24 19:11, Rom.7:7, Gal.4:15;
__(ii) with opt., inf., ptcp. (cl.; see LS, see word; M, Int., §275; M, Pr., 167:4).
2. In combination with conditional, relative, temporal, and final words;
__(i) as in cl., with subj.,
__(a) in protasis with εἰ, in Attic contr. ἐάν, which see;
__(b) in conditional, relative, and temporal clauses (coalescing with ὅτε, ἐπεί, etc.; see: ὅταν, ἐπάν, etc.), ever, soever;
__(α) with pres., ἡνίκα, 2Co.3:15; ὃς ἄν, Rom.9:15 (LXX) 16:2, al.; ὅσοι ἄν, Luk.9:5; ὡς ἄν, Rom.15:24 (M, Pr., 167);
__(β) with aor., ὃς ἄν, Mat.5:21, 22, 31; ἕως ἄν, until, Mat.2:13, Mrk.6:10, al.; ὡς ἄν, as soon as (M, Pr., 167), 1Co.11:34, Php.2:23. On the frequently use of ἐάν for ἄν with the foregoing words, see: ἐάν;
__(ii) in late Gk., when some actual fact is spoken of, with indic.: ὅταν (which see); ὅπου ἄν, Mrk.6:56 (M, Pr., 168); καθότι ἄν, Act.2:45 4:35; ὡς ἄν, 1Co.12:2.
3. in iterative construction, with imperfect and aor. indic. (M, Pr., 167): Act.2:45 4:35, 1Co.12:2.
4. with optative, giving a potential sense to a question or wish: Act.8:31 26:29.
5. Elliptical constructions: εἰ μή τι ἄν (M, Pr., 169), 1Co.7:5; ὡς ἄν, with inf., as it were (op. cit. 167), 2Co.10:9.
(AS)
conditional particle,
which cannot usually be separately translated in English, its force depending on the constructions which contain it (see further, LS, see word; WM, §xlii; M, Pr., 165 ff.; MM, VGT, see word).
1. In apodosis,
__(i) with indic, imperfect or aor., expressing what would be or would have been if (εἰ with impf., aor. or plpf.) some condition were or had been fulfilled: Luk.7:39 17:6, Jhn.5:46, Gal.1:10, Mat.12:7 24:43, 1Co.2:8, Act.18:14, 1Jn.2:19, al. The protasis is sometimes understood (as also in cl.): Mat.25:27, Luk.19:23. In hypothetical sentences, expressing unreality, ἄν (as often in late writers, more rarely in cl.) is omitted: Jhn.8:39 15:24 19:11, Rom.7:7, Gal.4:15;
__(ii) with opt., inf., ptcp. (cl.; see LS, see word; M, Int., §275; M, Pr., 167:4).
2. In combination with conditional, relative, temporal, and final words;
__(i) as in cl., with subj.,
__(a) in protasis with εἰ, in Attic contr. ἐάν, which see;
__(b) in conditional, relative, and temporal clauses (coalescing with ὅτε, ἐπεί, etc.; see: ὅταν, ἐπάν, etc.), ever, soever;
__(α) with pres., ἡνίκα, 2Co.3:15; ὃς ἄν, Rom.9:15 (LXX) 16:2, al.; ὅσοι ἄν, Luk.9:5; ὡς ἄν, Rom.15:24 (M, Pr., 167);
__(β) with aor., ὃς ἄν, Mat.5:21, 22, 31; ἕως ἄν, until, Mat.2:13, Mrk.6:10, al.; ὡς ἄν, as soon as (M, Pr., 167), 1Co.11:34, Php.2:23. On the frequently use of ἐάν for ἄν with the foregoing words, see: ἐάν;
__(ii) in late Gk., when some actual fact is spoken of, with indic.: ὅταν (which see); ὅπου ἄν, Mrk.6:56 (M, Pr., 168); καθότι ἄν, Act.2:45 4:35; ὡς ἄν, 1Co.12:2.
3. in iterative construction, with imperfect and aor. indic. (M, Pr., 167): Act.2:45 4:35, 1Co.12:2.
4. with optative, giving a potential sense to a question or wish: Act.8:31 26:29.
5. Elliptical constructions: εἰ μή τι ἄν (M, Pr., 169), 1Co.7:5; ὡς ἄν, with inf., as it were (op. cit. 167), 2Co.10:9.
(AS)
In the Bible
Strong G302 appears in 173 verses of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- whosoever15
- whatsoever6
- till4
- will3
- as2
- have2
- no2
- not2
- soever2
- even1
- every1
- he1
First verses
- Matthew 2:13And when they were departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word: for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him.
- Matthew 5:18For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.
- Matthew 5:19Whosoever therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least in the kingdom of heaven: but whosoever shall do and teach them, the same shall be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
- Matthew 5:21Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment:
- Matthew 5:22But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment: and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council: but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of hell fire.
- Matthew 5:26Verily I say unto thee, Thou shalt by no means come out thence, till thou hast paid the uttermost farthing.
- Matthew 5:31It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement:
- Matthew 5:32But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.
- Matthew 6:5And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward.
- Matthew 7:12Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.
- Matthew 10:11And into whatsoever city or town ye shall enter, enquire who in it is worthy; and there abide till ye go thence.
- Matthew 10:23But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another: for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of man be come.
- Matthew 10:33But whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before my Father which is in heaven.
- Matthew 11:21Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.
- Matthew 11:23And thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, shalt be brought down to hell: for if the mighty works, which have been done in thee, had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day.
- Matthew 12:7But if ye had known what this meaneth, I will have mercy, and not sacrifice, ye would not have condemned the guiltless.
- Matthew 12:20A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory.
- Matthew 12:32And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come.
- Matthew 12:50For whosoever shall do the will of my Father which is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother.
- Matthew 15:5But ye say, Whosoever shall say to his father or his mother, It is a gift, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me;
Occurrences by book
Related words
Detailed Greek dictionary
ἄν, [ᾰ],
Epic dialect, Lyric poetry, Ionic dialect, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD(?): Arcadius Grammaticus)], Attic dialect; also κεν) Epic dialect, Aeolic dialect, Thess., κᾱ Doric dialect, Boeotian dialect, El.; the two combined in Epic dialect (below [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 11.2) and 4th c.AD(?): Arcadius Grammaticus)], εἰκ ἄν[Refs 4th c.BC+ (“IG” 5(2).6.2, 15 (4th c.BC))]:—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] κε is four times as common as ἄν, in Lyric poetry about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; ἄν is preferred by [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] in negative clauses, κε (ν) with the relative.
A In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here ἄν belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus ἦλθεν he came, ἦλθεν ἄν he would have come (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; ἔλθοι may he come, ἔλθοι ἄν he would come (under certain conditions), and so he might come.
A.I WITH INDICATIVE:
A.I.1 with historical tenses, generally imperfect and aorist, less frequently pluperfect, never perfect, see below,
A.I.1.a most frequently in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apodosis expressing what would be or would have been the case if the condition were or had been fulfilled. The imperfect with ἄν refers to continued action, in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] always in past time, except perhaps καί κε θάμ᾽ ἐνθάδ᾽ ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθ᾽[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4. 178)]; later also in present time, first in [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 905)]; πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο it would be far more strange if they were honoured, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 489a)]; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he would not have been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.9)]. The aorist strictly refers only to past time, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 11.24, etc.)]; εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν if he had then come to this opinion, he would have accomplished nothing of what he has now done, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.5, +others)], but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say I should have said, εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ᾽, εἶπον ἄν σ᾽ οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 755, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 199d, “Euthphr.” 12d, etc.: the)]pluperfect refers to completed actions, as ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη I should have already learnt..,[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 14c; εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.2.3.)]
A.I.1.b the protasis is frequently understood: ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν fear would have seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.421)]; τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο they would not have built the wall (if they had not won a battle), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.11)]; πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια for (if that were so) they would be worth much, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 374d)]; οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε for there was nothing which you could have done, i. e. would have done (if you had tried), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.43.)]
A.I.1.c with no definite protasis understood, to express what would have been likely to happen, or might have happened in past time: ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes may already have killed him before you, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.546)]; ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') would have longed to be a warrior, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1022)]; especially with τάχα, which see, ἀλλ᾽ ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ᾽ ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν, i. e. it might perhaps have come, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 523)]; τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες (i.e. διέβησαν) and they might also perhaps have crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.2, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 265b.)]
A.I.1.d ἄν is frequently omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν, etc., and sometimes for rhetorical effect, εἰ μὴ.. ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν it had caused (for it would have caused) fear, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 1113. This use becomes more common in later Gk.)]
A.I.2 with future indicative:
A.I.2.a frequently in Epic dialect, usually with κεν, rarely ἄν, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.167, 22.66, indicating a limitation or condition, ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι)] and he will likely be angry to whom-soever I shall come, [Refs ([prev. work] 1.139)]; καί κέ τις ὧδ᾽ ἐρέει and in that case men will say,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (4.176; ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.80)]; so in Lyric poetry, μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 7.68, compare “I.” 6(5).59.)]
A.I.2.b rarely in codices of Attic dialect Prose writers, σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.140; οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 615d, compare “Ap.” 29c, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.5.13; uncertain in 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “γυναικεῖα” 2.174: in later Prose, 2nd-3rd c.AD: Philostratus Sophista “V A” 2.21, S 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “M.” 9.225: also in Poetry, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 484, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 1313; οὐκ ἂν προδώσω 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 6.36 (correlated -δοίην):— for ἄν with)]future infinitive and participle see below
A.II WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in Epic dialect, the meaning being the same as with the future indicative [Refs ((1.2a), frequently with _1st pers._, as εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι in that case)]I will take her myself, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.324)]; πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν obey and if so I will be grateful, [Refs (14.235 (the _subjunctive_ is always introduced by δέ in this usage))]; also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις[Refs (3.54, +others)]
A.III WITH OPTATIVE (never future, rarely perfect πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με]; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 3.6):)]
A.III.a in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in optative with εἰ or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a future condition: ἀλλ᾽ εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.28; οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατο; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 68b:—in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] present and aorist optative with κε or ἄν are sometimes used like imperfect and aorist indicative with ἄν in Attic, with either regular indicative or another optative in the protasis: καί νύ κεν ἔνθ᾽ ἀπόλοιτο.. εἰ μὴ.. νόησε κτλ., i. e. he would have perished, had she not perceived, etc., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.311, compare 5.388, 17.70)]; εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼ.. κλισίηνδε φεροίμην if we were now contending in another's honour, I should now carry.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 23.274: so rarely in Trag., οὐδ᾽ ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος (for εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε) 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 568.)]
A.III.b with protasis in present or future, the optative with ἄν in apodosi takes a simply future sense: φρούριον δ᾽ εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος they might perhaps damage, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.142, compare 2.60, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 25b, “R.” 333e; ἢν οὖν μάθῃς.. οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 116, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 1.26, +others)]
A.III.c with protasis understood: φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.269)]; οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν for (if they should do so) they would burst, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.2.21)]; τὸν δ᾽ οὔ κε δύ᾽ ἀνέρε.. ἀπ᾽ οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν two men could not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. would not, if they should try, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 12.447; οὐδ᾽ ἂν δικαίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 240, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.8: in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] sometimes with reference to past time, Τυδεΐδην οὐκ ἂν γνοίης ποτέροισι μετείη[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.85.)]
A.III.d with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: ἡδέως δ᾽ ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην but I would gladly ask Leptines, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 20.129)]; βουλοίμην ἄν I should like, Latin velim (but ἐβουλόμην ἄν I should wish, if it were of any avail, vellem); ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ᾽ ἄ; which way then can we turn? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Euthydemus” 290a)]; οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου I will not give up the throne, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 830)]; idiomatically, referring to the past, αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν but these would not (on investigation) prove to be many, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.9)]; εἴησαν δ᾽ ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες these would be (i. e. would have been) Cretans, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.2: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη,)] i.e. it would not prove to be, etc. (for, it is not, etc.), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “R.” 333e.)]
A.III.e in questions, expressing a wish: τίς ἂν θεῶν.. δοί;[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1100, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1448; πῶς ἂν θάνοιμ; 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 389: hence (with no question))] as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.94)]; σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις you may take yourself off (milder than κόμιζε σεαυτόν), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 444)]; χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω you may go in, [Refs (“El.” 1491; κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε hear me now, Phoebus, [prev. work] 637)]; φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 23c, 48b.)]
A.III.f in a protasis which is also an apodosis: εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι if I would trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, [Refs ([prev. author] “Prt.” 329b)]; εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ᾽ ἂν τοῦτο if you would not do this (if you could), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.18, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.5.3, 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 6.4.16.)]
A.III.g rarely omitted with optative in apodosis: ῥεῖα θεός γ᾽ ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.231, compare 14.123, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.303)]; also in Trag., θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 1186; τεὰν δύνασιν τίς.. κατάσχο; 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 605.)]
A.III.h ἄν with future optative is probably always corrupt (compare [Refs 5th c.BC+ (1.2b), as τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι (ἐπαινέσαι Bekk.) 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 719e)]; εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν᾽ ἂν καταλήψοιτο (οὐδένα Bekk.) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.22.)]
A.IV WITH infinitive and participle (sometimes adjective equivalent to participle, τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 577b) representing _indicative_ or _optative_:)]
A.IV.1 present infinitive or participle:
A.IV.1.a representing imperfect indicative, οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα.. οὐκ ἂν φυλάττει; do you think he would not have kept them safe? (οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 49.35)]; ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν when you would have been unable, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.73, compare 4.40.)]
A.IV.1.b representing present optative, πόλλ᾽ ἂν ἔχων (representing ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν) ἕτερ᾽ εἰπεῖν παραλείπω[Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.258, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.3.18: with _Article_, τὸ ἐθέλειν ἂν ἰέναι ἄκλητος ἐπὶ δεῖπνον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 174b.)]
A.IV.2 aorist infinitive or participle:
A.IV.2.a representing aorist indicative, οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ᾽ αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖ; do you not think he would even have run thither? (καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 27.56)]; ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν we know you would have been compelled, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.76, compare 3.89)]; ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς when he might easily have been acquitted, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 4.4.4.)]
A.IV.2.b representing aorist optative, οὐδ᾽ ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι I think they would not even be masters of the land (οὐδ᾽ ἂν κρατήσειαν), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.37, compare 2.20)]; ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν (ληφθείη ἄν) [Refs ([prev. author] 7.42)]; οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα, i.e. things which are not and never could happen (ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), [Refs ([prev. author] 6.38.)]
A.IV.3 perfect infinitive or participle representing:
A.IV.3.a pluperfect indicative, πάντα ταῦθ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι (φήσειεν ἄν) he would say that all these would have been destroyed by the barbarians (ἑαλώκη ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.312.)]
A.IV.3.b perfect optative, οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ.. καταψηφίσαισθε I do not believe they would (then) have suffered (δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 27.9.)]
A.IV.4 future infinitive or participle, never in Epic dialect, and probably always corrupt in Attic dialect, νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν (to be read -ῆσαι) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.82, compare 6.66, 8.25, 71)]; participle is still more exceptional, ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσοντος ἄλλα[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 30c (codices), compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.342 (variant))]; both are found in later Gk., νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα[Refs 2nd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 8.30.8, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Marcellus” 15, 2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Anabasis” 2.2.3)]; with participle, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “De rerum natura - Wien. Stud.” 14.1, 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Asin.” 26, 4th c.AD: Libanius Sophista “Orationes” 62.21, uncertain reading in 2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Anabasis” 6.6.5.)]
B IN DEPENDENT CLAUSE[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus)]
B.I In the protasis of conditional sentences with εἰ, regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic εἰ ἄν is contracted into ἐάν, ἤν, or ἄν (ᾱ) (which see): [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus has generally εἴ κε (or αἴ κε), sometimes ἤν, once εἰ δ᾽ ἄν 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.288, twice εἴπερ ἄν 5.224, 232. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apodosis of _future_ time) or general condition (with apodosis of repeated action): εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ᾽ ὅς.. if thus thou shalt do.., [prev. work] 2.364)]; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death (ever) come near.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 671.)]
B.I.2 in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here ἄν coalesces with ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, compare ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπήν or ἐπάν (Ionic dialect ἐπεάν), ἐπειδάν: [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus has ὅτε κε (sometimes ὅτ᾽ ἄν), ὁππότε κε (sometimes ὁπότ᾽ ἄν or ὁππότ᾽ ἄν), ἐπεί κε (ἐπεὶ ἄν 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.412))], ἐπήν, εὖτ᾽ ἄ; see also εἰσόκε (εἰς ὅ κε):—τάων ἥν κ᾽ ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ᾽ ἄκοιτιν whomsoever of these I may wish.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.397)]; ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι when I shall have no strength.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 91)]; ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὅς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ whoever conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.312, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.6, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.21. — 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus uses)]subjunctive in both the above constructions [Refs ((1 and 2))] without ἄ; also Trag. and Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 496, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 805)]; μέχρι and πρίν occasionally take subjunctive without ἄν in prose, e.g. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.137, 4.16)] (μέχρι οὗ), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 62c, 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.60.)]
B.I.3 in final clauses introduced by relative adverbs, as ὡς, ὅπως (of Manner), ἵνα (of Place), ὄφρα, ἕως, etc. (of Time), frequently in Epic dialect, σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.32; ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.359; ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ.. φράσω 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 824; ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 198e; μηχανητέον ὅπως ἂν διαφύγῃ “Grg.” 481a (where ὅπως with _future_ _indicative_ is the regular _construction_))]; also after ὡς in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus, Trag., 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.5.16, +others, once in 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.91 (but _future_)] indicative is regular in _Attic dialect_); ἵνα final does not take ἄν or κε except ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν.. φύγοιμεν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.156 (ἵνα)] = where in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 405). μή,)] = lest, takes ἄν only with optative in apodosis, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 631, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.93.)]
B.II in Epic dialect sometimes with OPTATIVE as with subjunctive (always κε (ν), except εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.597), εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.353)]; ὥς κε.. δοίη ᾧ κ᾽ ἐθέλοι that he might give her to whomsoever he might please,[Refs 8th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 2.54: so in 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus in final clauses, 1.75, 99:—in 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 23.135 ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν)] belongs to Verb in apodosis, as in ὡς δ᾽ ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 7.5.81.)]
B.II.2 rarely in oratio obliqua, where a relative or temporary word retains an ἄν which it would have with subjunctive in direct form, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 687, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.6, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 17.15; ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 30.6)]:—similarly after a preceding optative, οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν.. σκέψαιο[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 101d.)]
B.III rarely with εἰ and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in Epic dialect:
B.III.1 with future indicative as with subjunctive: αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.213:—so with _relative_, οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι 1.175.)]
B.III.2 with εἰ and a past tense of indicative, once in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, εἰ δέ κ᾽ ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.526)]; so Ζεὺς γάρ κ᾽ ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ᾽ ἐβούλετο Oracle texts cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.174, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 1099 (codex R), 3rd c.BC: Apollonius Rhodius Epicus 1.197.)]
B.IV in later Greek, ἄν with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, as ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο[NT+4th c.AD+ (NT.Mark.6.56; ὅσ᾽ ἂν πάσχετε “PFay.” 136 (4th c.AD))]; ἔνθ᾽ ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι[Refs 6th c.AD+ (6th c.AD: Philoponus, Joannes Philosophus “in Aristotelis Physica commentaria - Comm. in Arist. Graeca” 436.19)]; compare ἐάν, ὅταν.
C with imperfect and more rarely aorist indicative in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus (not in 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus or 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus), κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο)] she would (i. e. used to) weep and lament, 3.119; εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 295)]; εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν.., ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν whenever they saw it, on each occasion, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71; διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 22b:)]infinitive representing imperfect of this construction, ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν.. ἀναχωρεῖν, i. e. I hear they used to retire (ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 9.48.)]
D GENERAL REMARKS:
D.I POSITION OF ἄν.
D.I.1 in A, when ἄν does not coalesce with the relative word (as in ἐάν, ὅταν), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as μέν, δέ, τε, γάρ, καί, νυ, περ,, etc.; as εἰ μέν κεν.. εἰ δέ κε[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.281- 4)]; rarely by τις, as ὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ[Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.14:—in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus and 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus)] two such Particles may precede κε, as εἴ περ γάρ κεν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.355, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.123)]; εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 280, 357)]; rarely in Prose, ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.45; ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1420: also ὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 647e, compare 850a; ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται 739c.)]
D.I.2 in apodosis, ἄν may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, especially an interrogative, a negative (e. g. οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθ; do you think they would have believed it if any one had told them? (εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 6.20.)]
D.I.3 ἄν is frequently separated from its infinitive by such Verbs as οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα, etc., οὐκ ἂν οἴει..; frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus, “Grg.” 486d, +others)]; καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι I think that I should, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.25; οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.2)]; ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ᾽ ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι (where ἄν belongs to ῥηθῆναι) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.225:—in the phrase οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ, or οὐκ ἂν οἶδ᾽ εἰ, ἄν belongs not to οἶδα, but to the Verb which follows, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι, for οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 941, cf. Alcaeus48; οὐκ ἂν οἶδ᾽ εἰ δυναίμην 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 26b; οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.4.12.)]
D.I.4 ἄν never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause, ἀλλ᾽, ὦ μέλ᾽, ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 137.)]
D.II REPETITION OF ἄν:—in apodosis ἄν may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words, ὥστ᾽ ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ᾽ ἄν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 333, compare “Ant.” 69, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 340, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.76 (near the end), 2.41, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 31a, 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 20.15; ἀφανεῖς ἂν ὄντες οὐκ ἂν ὑμνήθημεν ἄν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1244, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Fragmenta” 739)]; attached to a parenthetical phrase, ἔδρασ᾽ ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ᾽ ἴσθ᾽ ἄν, εἰ.. [Refs ([prev. author] “OT” 1438.)]
D.II.2 ἄν is coupled with κε (ν) a few times in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, as 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.187, 202, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.361, +others; compare ἤν περ γάρ κ᾽ ἐθέλωσιν variant [prev. work] 18.318.)]
D.III ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sometimes the Verb to which ἄν belongs must be supplied, in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus only εἰμί, as τάτ᾽ ἔλδεται ὅς κ᾽ ἐπιδευής (i.e. ᾖ) 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.481)]; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ (i.e. ἔρρεγκον) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 5)]; τί δ᾽ ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (i.e. πρᾶξαι), εἰ τάδ᾽ ἤνυσε;[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 935:)] —so in phrases like{πῶς γὰρ ἄν}; and πῶς οὐκ ἄν (i.e. εἴη); also in ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ (or ὡσπερανεί), as φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς (i. e. ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 479a)]; so τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν (i.e. ἐφρόνησαν) εἰ..[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 10.48:—so also when κἂν εἰ (={καὶ ἂν εἰ}) has either no Verb in the apodosis or one to which ἄν cannot belong, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 477a, “Men.” 72c)]; compare κἄν:—so the Verb of a protasis containing ἄν may be understood, ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν (i. e. καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ) [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.14)]; ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς (i.e. ἴητε) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.3.6.)]
D.IV ELLIPSIS OF ἄν:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, ἄν is generally used only in the first and understood in the others: πείθοι᾽ ἂν εἰ πείθοι᾽· ἀπειθοίης δ᾽ ἴσως[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1049)]: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 352e, compare 439b codices: but ἄν)] is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis,[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 398a, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.156 (where an _optative_ is implied with the third ὡς): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, τοῦτον ἂν.. θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ᾽ ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν (i. e. καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ᾽ ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι) 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 669.)]
B ἄν, [ᾱ], Attic dialect, ={ἐάν},{ἤν}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.46 codices, +others; frequently in 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus, ἂν σωφρονῇ “Phd.” 61b)]; ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ[Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 80d, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.50; ἄν τ᾽.. ἄν τε 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ἀθηναίων Πολιτεία” 48.4)]: not common in earlier Attic dialect Inscrr., [NT+4th c.BC+ (“IG” 1.2a5, 2.179b49, +others: but frequently later, “SIG” 1044.27 (4th-3rd c.BC), “PPetr.” 2p.47 (3rd c.BC), “PPar.” 32.19 (2nd c.BC), “PTeb.” 110.8 (1st c.BC), NT.John.20.23, etc.)]
C ἄν or ἀν, Epic form of ἀνά, (which see)
D ἄν, shortened from ἄνα, see entry ἀνά G.
Epic dialect, Lyric poetry, Ionic dialect, [Refs 4th c.AD+ (4th c.AD(?): Arcadius Grammaticus)], Attic dialect; also κεν) Epic dialect, Aeolic dialect, Thess., κᾱ Doric dialect, Boeotian dialect, El.; the two combined in Epic dialect (below [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 11.2) and 4th c.AD(?): Arcadius Grammaticus)], εἰκ ἄν[Refs 4th c.BC+ (“IG” 5(2).6.2, 15 (4th c.BC))]:—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] κε is four times as common as ἄν, in Lyric poetry about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; ἄν is preferred by [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] in negative clauses, κε (ν) with the relative.
A In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here ἄν belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus ἦλθεν he came, ἦλθεν ἄν he would have come (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; ἔλθοι may he come, ἔλθοι ἄν he would come (under certain conditions), and so he might come.
A.I WITH INDICATIVE:
A.I.1 with historical tenses, generally imperfect and aorist, less frequently pluperfect, never perfect, see below,
A.I.1.a most frequently in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apodosis expressing what would be or would have been the case if the condition were or had been fulfilled. The imperfect with ἄν refers to continued action, in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] always in past time, except perhaps καί κε θάμ᾽ ἐνθάδ᾽ ἐόντες ἐμισγόμεθ᾽[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4. 178)]; later also in present time, first in [Refs 6th c.BC+ (6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 905)]; πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο it would be far more strange if they were honoured, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 489a)]; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he would not have been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.9)]. The aorist strictly refers only to past time, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 11.24, etc.)]; εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν if he had then come to this opinion, he would have accomplished nothing of what he has now done, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.5, +others)], but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say I should have said, εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ᾽, εἶπον ἄν σ᾽ οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 755, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 199d, “Euthphr.” 12d, etc.: the)]pluperfect refers to completed actions, as ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη I should have already learnt..,[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 14c; εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.2.3.)]
A.I.1.b the protasis is frequently understood: ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν fear would have seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.421)]; τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο they would not have built the wall (if they had not won a battle), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.11)]; πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια for (if that were so) they would be worth much, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 374d)]; οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε for there was nothing which you could have done, i. e. would have done (if you had tried), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.43.)]
A.I.1.c with no definite protasis understood, to express what would have been likely to happen, or might have happened in past time: ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes may already have killed him before you, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 4.546)]; ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') would have longed to be a warrior, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1022)]; especially with τάχα, which see, ἀλλ᾽ ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ᾽ ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν, i. e. it might perhaps have come, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 523)]; τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες (i.e. διέβησαν) and they might also perhaps have crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.2, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 265b.)]
A.I.1.d ἄν is frequently omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν, etc., and sometimes for rhetorical effect, εἰ μὴ.. ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν it had caused (for it would have caused) fear, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hecuba” 1113. This use becomes more common in later Gk.)]
A.I.2 with future indicative:
A.I.2.a frequently in Epic dialect, usually with κεν, rarely ἄν, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.167, 22.66, indicating a limitation or condition, ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι)] and he will likely be angry to whom-soever I shall come, [Refs ([prev. work] 1.139)]; καί κέ τις ὧδ᾽ ἐρέει and in that case men will say,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (4.176; ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.80)]; so in Lyric poetry, μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 7.68, compare “I.” 6(5).59.)]
A.I.2.b rarely in codices of Attic dialect Prose writers, σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.140; οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 615d, compare “Ap.” 29c, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.5.13; uncertain in 5th c.BC: Hippocrates Medicus “γυναικεῖα” 2.174: in later Prose, 2nd-3rd c.AD: Philostratus Sophista “V A” 2.21, S 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “M.” 9.225: also in Poetry, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Electra” 484, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Aves” 1313; οὐκ ἂν προδώσω 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 6.36 (correlated -δοίην):— for ἄν with)]future infinitive and participle see below
A.II WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in Epic dialect, the meaning being the same as with the future indicative [Refs ((1.2a), frequently with _1st pers._, as εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι in that case)]I will take her myself, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.324)]; πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν obey and if so I will be grateful, [Refs (14.235 (the _subjunctive_ is always introduced by δέ in this usage))]; also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, οὐκ ἄν τοι χραίσμῃ κίθαρις[Refs (3.54, +others)]
A.III WITH OPTATIVE (never future, rarely perfect πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με]; [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Symposium” 3.6):)]
A.III.a in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in optative with εἰ or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a future condition: ἀλλ᾽ εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.28; οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατο; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 68b:—in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] present and aorist optative with κε or ἄν are sometimes used like imperfect and aorist indicative with ἄν in Attic, with either regular indicative or another optative in the protasis: καί νύ κεν ἔνθ᾽ ἀπόλοιτο.. εἰ μὴ.. νόησε κτλ., i. e. he would have perished, had she not perceived, etc., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.311, compare 5.388, 17.70)]; εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼ.. κλισίηνδε φεροίμην if we were now contending in another's honour, I should now carry.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 23.274: so rarely in Trag., οὐδ᾽ ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος (for εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε) 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 568.)]
A.III.b with protasis in present or future, the optative with ἄν in apodosi takes a simply future sense: φρούριον δ᾽ εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος they might perhaps damage, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.142, compare 2.60, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 25b, “R.” 333e; ἢν οὖν μάθῃς.. οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 116, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 1.26, +others)]
A.III.c with protasis understood: φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 10.269)]; οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν for (if they should do so) they would burst, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.2.21)]; τὸν δ᾽ οὔ κε δύ᾽ ἀνέρε.. ἀπ᾽ οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν two men could not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. would not, if they should try, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 12.447; οὐδ᾽ ἂν δικαίως ἐς κακὸν πέσοιμί τι 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 240, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.8: in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)] sometimes with reference to past time, Τυδεΐδην οὐκ ἂν γνοίης ποτέροισι μετείη[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.85.)]
A.III.d with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: ἡδέως δ᾽ ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην but I would gladly ask Leptines, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 20.129)]; βουλοίμην ἄν I should like, Latin velim (but ἐβουλόμην ἄν I should wish, if it were of any avail, vellem); ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ᾽ ἄ; which way then can we turn? [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Euthydemus” 290a)]; οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου I will not give up the throne, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 830)]; idiomatically, referring to the past, αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν but these would not (on investigation) prove to be many, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.9)]; εἴησαν δ᾽ ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες these would be (i. e. would have been) Cretans, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.2: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη,)] i.e. it would not prove to be, etc. (for, it is not, etc.), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “R.” 333e.)]
A.III.e in questions, expressing a wish: τίς ἂν θεῶν.. δοί;[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1100, compare 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1448; πῶς ἂν θάνοιμ; 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 389: hence (with no question))] as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, τλαίης κεν Μενελάῳ ἐπιπροέμεν ταχὺν ἰόν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 4.94)]; σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις you may take yourself off (milder than κόμιζε σεαυτόν), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 444)]; χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω you may go in, [Refs (“El.” 1491; κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε hear me now, Phoebus, [prev. work] 637)]; φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Philebus” 23c, 48b.)]
A.III.f in a protasis which is also an apodosis: εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι if I would trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, [Refs ([prev. author] “Prt.” 329b)]; εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ᾽ ἂν τοῦτο if you would not do this (if you could), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.18, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.5.3, 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 6.4.16.)]
A.III.g rarely omitted with optative in apodosis: ῥεῖα θεός γ᾽ ἐθέλων καὶ τηλόθεν ἄνδρα σαώσαι[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.231, compare 14.123, 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.303)]; also in Trag., θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 1186; τεὰν δύνασιν τίς.. κατάσχο; 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 605.)]
A.III.h ἄν with future optative is probably always corrupt (compare [Refs 5th c.BC+ (1.2b), as τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι (ἐπαινέσαι Bekk.) 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 719e)]; εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν᾽ ἂν καταλήψοιτο (οὐδένα Bekk.) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.22.)]
A.IV WITH infinitive and participle (sometimes adjective equivalent to participle, τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 577b) representing _indicative_ or _optative_:)]
A.IV.1 present infinitive or participle:
A.IV.1.a representing imperfect indicative, οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα.. οὐκ ἂν φυλάττει; do you think he would not have kept them safe? (οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 49.35)]; ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν when you would have been unable, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.73, compare 4.40.)]
A.IV.1.b representing present optative, πόλλ᾽ ἂν ἔχων (representing ἔχοιμ᾽ ἄν) ἕτερ᾽ εἰπεῖν παραλείπω[Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.258, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.3.18: with _Article_, τὸ ἐθέλειν ἂν ἰέναι ἄκλητος ἐπὶ δεῖπνον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 174b.)]
A.IV.2 aorist infinitive or participle:
A.IV.2.a representing aorist indicative, οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ᾽ αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖ; do you not think he would even have run thither? (καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 27.56)]; ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν we know you would have been compelled, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.76, compare 3.89)]; ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς when he might easily have been acquitted, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 4.4.4.)]
A.IV.2.b representing aorist optative, οὐδ᾽ ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι I think they would not even be masters of the land (οὐδ᾽ ἂν κρατήσειαν), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.37, compare 2.20)]; ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν (ληφθείη ἄν) [Refs ([prev. author] 7.42)]; οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα, i.e. things which are not and never could happen (ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), [Refs ([prev. author] 6.38.)]
A.IV.3 perfect infinitive or participle representing:
A.IV.3.a pluperfect indicative, πάντα ταῦθ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι (φήσειεν ἄν) he would say that all these would have been destroyed by the barbarians (ἑαλώκη ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.312.)]
A.IV.3.b perfect optative, οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ.. καταψηφίσαισθε I do not believe they would (then) have suffered (δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 27.9.)]
A.IV.4 future infinitive or participle, never in Epic dialect, and probably always corrupt in Attic dialect, νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν (to be read -ῆσαι) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 5.82, compare 6.66, 8.25, 71)]; participle is still more exceptional, ὡς ἐμοῦ οὐκ ἂν ποιήσοντος ἄλλα[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 30c (codices), compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.342 (variant))]; both are found in later Gk., νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα[Refs 2nd c.BC+ (2nd c.BC: Polybius Historicus 8.30.8, compare 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Marcellus” 15, 2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Anabasis” 2.2.3)]; with participle, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “De rerum natura - Wien. Stud.” 14.1, 2nd c.AD: Lucianus Sophista “Asin.” 26, 4th c.AD: Libanius Sophista “Orationes” 62.21, uncertain reading in 2nd c.AD: Arrianus Historicus “Anabasis” 6.6.5.)]
B IN DEPENDENT CLAUSE[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus)]
B.I In the protasis of conditional sentences with εἰ, regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic εἰ ἄν is contracted into ἐάν, ἤν, or ἄν (ᾱ) (which see): [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus has generally εἴ κε (or αἴ κε), sometimes ἤν, once εἰ δ᾽ ἄν 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.288, twice εἴπερ ἄν 5.224, 232. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apodosis of _future_ time) or general condition (with apodosis of repeated action): εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ᾽ ὅς.. if thus thou shalt do.., [prev. work] 2.364)]; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death (ever) come near.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Alcestis” 671.)]
B.I.2 in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here ἄν coalesces with ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, compare ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπήν or ἐπάν (Ionic dialect ἐπεάν), ἐπειδάν: [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus has ὅτε κε (sometimes ὅτ᾽ ἄν), ὁππότε κε (sometimes ὁπότ᾽ ἄν or ὁππότ᾽ ἄν), ἐπεί κε (ἐπεὶ ἄν 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 6.412))], ἐπήν, εὖτ᾽ ἄ; see also εἰσόκε (εἰς ὅ κε):—τάων ἥν κ᾽ ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ᾽ ἄκοιτιν whomsoever of these I may wish.., [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.397)]; ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι when I shall have no strength.., [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 91)]; ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὅς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ whoever conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.312, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.6, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.21. — 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus uses)]subjunctive in both the above constructions [Refs ((1 and 2))] without ἄ; also Trag. and Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 496, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 805)]; μέχρι and πρίν occasionally take subjunctive without ἄν in prose, e.g. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.137, 4.16)] (μέχρι οὗ), [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 62c, 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.60.)]
B.I.3 in final clauses introduced by relative adverbs, as ὡς, ὅπως (of Manner), ἵνα (of Place), ὄφρα, ἕως, etc. (of Time), frequently in Epic dialect, σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 1.32; ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.359; ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ.. φράσω 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Prometheus Vinctus” 824; ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 198e; μηχανητέον ὅπως ἂν διαφύγῃ “Grg.” 481a (where ὅπως with _future_ _indicative_ is the regular _construction_))]; also after ὡς in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus, Trag., 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 2.5.16, +others, once in 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 6.91 (but _future_)] indicative is regular in _Attic dialect_); ἵνα final does not take ἄν or κε except ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν.. φύγοιμεν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 12.156 (ἵνα)] = where in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 405). μή,)] = lest, takes ἄν only with optative in apodosis, as [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 631, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.93.)]
B.II in Epic dialect sometimes with OPTATIVE as with subjunctive (always κε (ν), except εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.597), εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.353)]; ὥς κε.. δοίη ᾧ κ᾽ ἐθέλοι that he might give her to whomsoever he might please,[Refs 8th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 2.54: so in 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus in final clauses, 1.75, 99:—in 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 23.135 ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν)] belongs to Verb in apodosis, as in ὡς δ᾽ ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 7.5.81.)]
B.II.2 rarely in oratio obliqua, where a relative or temporary word retains an ἄν which it would have with subjunctive in direct form, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 687, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.6, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 17.15; ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 30.6)]:—similarly after a preceding optative, οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν.. σκέψαιο[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 101d.)]
B.III rarely with εἰ and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in Epic dialect:
B.III.1 with future indicative as with subjunctive: αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 15.213:—so with _relative_, οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι 1.175.)]
B.III.2 with εἰ and a past tense of indicative, once in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, εἰ δέ κ᾽ ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.526)]; so Ζεὺς γάρ κ᾽ ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ᾽ ἐβούλετο Oracle texts cited in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.174, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Lysistrata” 1099 (codex R), 3rd c.BC: Apollonius Rhodius Epicus 1.197.)]
B.IV in later Greek, ἄν with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, as ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο[NT+4th c.AD+ (NT.Mark.6.56; ὅσ᾽ ἂν πάσχετε “PFay.” 136 (4th c.AD))]; ἔνθ᾽ ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι[Refs 6th c.AD+ (6th c.AD: Philoponus, Joannes Philosophus “in Aristotelis Physica commentaria - Comm. in Arist. Graeca” 436.19)]; compare ἐάν, ὅταν.
C with imperfect and more rarely aorist indicative in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus (not in 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus or 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus), κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο)] she would (i. e. used to) weep and lament, 3.119; εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 295)]; εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν.., ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν whenever they saw it, on each occasion, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 7.71; διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 22b:)]infinitive representing imperfect of this construction, ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν.. ἀναχωρεῖν, i. e. I hear they used to retire (ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 9.48.)]
D GENERAL REMARKS:
D.I POSITION OF ἄν.
D.I.1 in A, when ἄν does not coalesce with the relative word (as in ἐάν, ὅταν), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as μέν, δέ, τε, γάρ, καί, νυ, περ,, etc.; as εἰ μέν κεν.. εἰ δέ κε[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 3.281- 4)]; rarely by τις, as ὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ[Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.14:—in 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus and 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus)] two such Particles may precede κε, as εἴ περ γάρ κεν[Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 8.355, compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.123)]; εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 280, 357)]; rarely in Prose, ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.45; ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Ranae” 1420: also ὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 647e, compare 850a; ὅπου τὸ πάλαι λεγόμενον ἂν γίγνηται 739c.)]
D.I.2 in apodosis, ἄν may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, especially an interrogative, a negative (e. g. οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθ; do you think they would have believed it if any one had told them? (εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 6.20.)]
D.I.3 ἄν is frequently separated from its infinitive by such Verbs as οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα, etc., οὐκ ἂν οἴει..; frequently in [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus, “Grg.” 486d, +others)]; καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι I think that I should, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.25; οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 3.2)]; ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ᾽ ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι (where ἄν belongs to ῥηθῆναι) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 18.225:—in the phrase οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ, or οὐκ ἂν οἶδ᾽ εἰ, ἄν belongs not to οἶδα, but to the Verb which follows, οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι, for οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Medea” 941, cf. Alcaeus48; οὐκ ἂν οἶδ᾽ εἰ δυναίμην 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 26b; οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 5.4.12.)]
D.I.4 ἄν never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause, ἀλλ᾽, ὦ μέλ᾽, ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Pax” 137.)]
D.II REPETITION OF ἄν:—in apodosis ἄν may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words, ὥστ᾽ ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ᾽ ἄν[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 333, compare “Ant.” 69, 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 340, 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.76 (near the end), 2.41, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 31a, 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 20.15; ἀφανεῖς ἂν ὄντες οὐκ ἂν ὑμνήθημεν ἄν 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1244, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Fragmenta” 739)]; attached to a parenthetical phrase, ἔδρασ᾽ ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ᾽ ἴσθ᾽ ἄν, εἰ.. [Refs ([prev. author] “OT” 1438.)]
D.II.2 ἄν is coupled with κε (ν) a few times in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus, as 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.187, 202, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 5.361, +others; compare ἤν περ γάρ κ᾽ ἐθέλωσιν variant [prev. work] 18.318.)]
D.III ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sometimes the Verb to which ἄν belongs must be supplied, in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus only εἰμί, as τάτ᾽ ἔλδεται ὅς κ᾽ ἐπιδευής (i.e. ᾖ) 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.481)]; ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ (i.e. ἔρρεγκον) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 5)]; τί δ᾽ ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (i.e. πρᾶξαι), εἰ τάδ᾽ ἤνυσε;[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 935:)] —so in phrases like{πῶς γὰρ ἄν}; and πῶς οὐκ ἄν (i.e. εἴη); also in ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ (or ὡσπερανεί), as φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς (i. e. ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 479a)]; so τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν (i.e. ἐφρόνησαν) εἰ..[Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 10.48:—so also when κἂν εἰ (={καὶ ἂν εἰ}) has either no Verb in the apodosis or one to which ἄν cannot belong, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 477a, “Men.” 72c)]; compare κἄν:—so the Verb of a protasis containing ἄν may be understood, ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν (i. e. καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ) [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 2.14)]; ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς (i.e. ἴητε) [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.3.6.)]
D.IV ELLIPSIS OF ἄν:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, ἄν is generally used only in the first and understood in the others: πείθοι᾽ ἂν εἰ πείθοι᾽· ἀπειθοίης δ᾽ ἴσως[Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1049)]: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 352e, compare 439b codices: but ἄν)] is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis,[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 398a, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 19.156 (where an _optative_ is implied with the third ὡς): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, τοῦτον ἂν.. θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ᾽ ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν (i. e. καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ᾽ ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι) 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 669.)]
B ἄν, [ᾱ], Attic dialect, ={ἐάν},{ἤν}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 4.46 codices, +others; frequently in 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus, ἂν σωφρονῇ “Phd.” 61b)]; ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ[Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 80d, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.50; ἄν τ᾽.. ἄν τε 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ἀθηναίων Πολιτεία” 48.4)]: not common in earlier Attic dialect Inscrr., [NT+4th c.BC+ (“IG” 1.2a5, 2.179b49, +others: but frequently later, “SIG” 1044.27 (4th-3rd c.BC), “PPetr.” 2p.47 (3rd c.BC), “PPar.” 32.19 (2nd c.BC), “PTeb.” 110.8 (1st c.BC), NT.John.20.23, etc.)]
C ἄν or ἀν, Epic form of ἀνά, (which see)
D ἄν, shortened from ἄνα, see entry ἀνά G.