Tyndale Open Study NotesJeremiah 49

The Lord ordered the destruction and future rebuilding of Moab and Ammon. These two nations came from Lot, who was Abraham's nephew (Genesis 19:36–38).

Ammon was the next nation judged in the Lord's courtroom. Ammon was the second descendant of Lot (see study note on Jeremiah 48:1–47). Its land was north of Moab and east of Israel. Ammon's destruction happened soon after Jerusalem fell.

• After the northern kingdom of Israel fell in 722 BC, the Ammonites moved into land left by the tribe of Gad.

• The Ammonites worshiped a fertility god named Molech, meaning "ruler," similar to Baal, meaning "master."

Rabbah, the capital of Ammon, was destroyed in 582 BC.

The Ammonites might have believed their deity, Molech, was powerful. However, the invader would take this idol, along with its priests and officials, into exile. Their ritual magic would be revealed as fake.

The Ammonites relied on their wealth, but it could not keep them safe. The Lord ensured their judgment and future restoration.

The people of Edom were descendants of Esau, Jacob’s brother (Genesis 32:3). Edom was located south of Moab, in the highlands east of the Arabah Valley. The divine Judge held every nation accountable.

• Is there no longer wisdom: Edom was known for its wise men, but they would soon seem foolish because they did not know about the coming disaster.

• Teman and Dedan were cities in Edom.

Harvesters usually left some of the crop for the poor (Leviticus 19:9–10). Thieves would take only the grapes they could grab quickly and easily. The invaders would take their time and ruthlessly strip Edom bare, leaving only ruin behind. However, the Lord promised to show mercy to the defeated nation's orphans and widows.

The cup of judgment represented the fulfillment of the Lord's commands (see Jeremiah 25:15–17). This part clearly shows what happens after a nation drinks from that cup.

Bozrah was a fortress on a high, steep rock, but nowhere in Edom was safe.

The ambassador could have been an angel sent by God (compare 1 Kings 22:20–22).

• The leaders of Edom believed they were powerful because they scared travelers on the King's Highway.

• Edom had a rock fortress, now called Petra. It was difficult to find and reachable only through a deep, narrow gorge. Even this remote place could not protect the Edomites from the Lord's judgment.

Like the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Edom would become empty of people.

• In divine judgment, the Lord would use the Babylonians to come like a lion, leaping on the sheep as they chased Edom's leaders out of the land.

• The Lord's rhetorical questions implied the answer, "No one can challenge the Lord; he is the only Almighty ruler."

The eagle, a common bird in Edom's rugged mountains, symbolizes how quickly the Babylonians entered the region.

Damascus, the capital of Aram (ancient Syria), and the Aramean cities of Hamath and Arpad, show that Aram is the next target of the Lord's judgment.

Damascus has a long history of power and glory as a center of major trade routes. Its people enjoyed prosperity and happiness. However, they lost these pleasures when the Lord abandoned them.

• The city's walls and palaces were likely built with wood from Mount Hermon's slopes.

• Ben-hadad, meaning son of the mighty one, was the royal title for many Aramean kings.

The Babylonians aimed to defeat the Kedar warriors to seize their valuable household goods and camels.

• The nomads of Kedar moved freely in the upper Arabian Desert, east of Palestine. They were a warlike people (Psalm 120:5–7; Isaiah 21:13–16) who raised animals for profitable trade with Tyre (Ezekiel 27:21).

• Hazor was a region east of Damascus where nomads lived.

• The poem encourages King Nebuchadnezzar to attack and describes the battles' effects.

The Lord urged the people of Hazor to flee and hide, even though it would not help them. Nebuchadnezzar, the Babylonian king, planned to conquer them.

The last poetic message in this series was for Elam. This fierce nation was in the Zagros Mountains, far east of Babylon (Ezekiel 32:24).

The Elamite warriors were expert archers, but their skills did not save Elam.

After a successful invasion, the victors often scattered the refugees across a wide area.

The Lord would show his strong anger through the great disaster coming to Elam. Although no specific charge is mentioned, Elam, like other nations, worshipped false gods and was cruel in wars against its neighbors.

I will set My throne in Elam: The Lord will show his supreme authority by removing Elam's king and officials.

The Lord's judgment included a promise to restore Elam's fortunes. In 539 BC, Cyrus, an Elam native, conquered Babylon and started the Persian Empire. Susa, Elam's former capital, became the Persian Empire's capital (Esther 1:2). God chose Cyrus to free the Jews (Isaiah 44:28–45:1).