Tyndale Open Study NotesJeremiah 3

Israel did not act like a loyal wife. Instead, she acted like:

• A wild animal in heat (Jeremiah 2:23–25)

• A thief (Jeremiah 2:26–30)

• A prostitute (Jeremiah 2:31–3:5)

Adultery was a valid reason for divorce (Deuteronomy 24:1–2; Hosea 2:1–5; 9:1). Judah committed spiritual adultery, arrogantly assuming that God would not object (Ezekiel 16:26; Zechariah 1:3).

The law forbade a man from remarrying a woman he had divorced if she married another man afterward (Deuteronomy 24:1–4). A woman with many lovers was even less likely to be accepted back.

As the Lord's bride (see Jeremiah 2:2), Israel was not supposed to worship other gods.

The Lord did not approve of the people's shameless behavior. He had already caused a drought, and their sexual rituals could not stop it (Jeremiah 14:3–6; Leviticus 26:19; Zephaniah 3:5).

Instead of confessing their sins, the people tried to hide them with sweet talk. However, God saw through their deception. They were right that he would not be angry forever (Psalm 103:9; Isaiah 57:16; Malachi 1:6), but he promised to show his wrath (Jeremiah 4:7).

• The Lord had been calling the kingdom of Judah "Israel" (Jeremiah 2:1–3:5), highlighting their identity as His people. Now, the Lord differentiates between Israel, the northern kingdom that was destroyed (2 Kings 17), and the kingdom of Judah. The people of the southern kingdom did not learn from the northern kingdom's downfall, so they were destined to face the same fate.

• Josiah, who reigned from 640 to 609 BC, encouraged a return to traditional faith and practices in 621 BC (2 Chronicles 34:29–33).

King Josiah's reforms did not impact many common people. Idol worship, popular in northern Israel, also persisted among Judah's farmers and shepherds. They did not learn from the northern tribes' fate and even exceeded their practice of adultery (see Ezekiel 16:47–48).

divorce: See 2 Kings 17:23.

defiled the land: Because Israel turned away from their faith, fertile fields stopped producing crops, and sheep did not graze on green grass (Isaiah 57:6).

Like the northern tribes of Israel, the people of Judah did not see idol worship as immoral. They ignored the Lord’s objections. The people did not truly repent; they only pretended under Josiah’s authority (2 Chronicles 34:32). Their religion was full of deception (Jeremiah 12:2; Hosea 7:14).

The Lord asked Israel to repent, return, and reconcile with him (contrast Jeremiah 2:1–3:10). Israel had sinned and faced punishment. Now, the people of Judah sinned even more openly than their northern relatives, ignoring the lesson the Lord taught Israel (Ezekiel 16:51–52). However, it was still not too late to repent and become the blessing to the nations (Jeremiah 4:1–2) that God intended them to be (Genesis 12:3).

In this decree, the Lord invites the survivors of unfaithful Israel from a century ago to return home. God's unchanging character is merciful, and He wants to offer salvation and restoration (Jeremiah 12:15; 31:20; 33:26; 2 Kings 17:6; Psalm 86:15).

acknowledge your guilt, that you have rebelled...and have not obeyed My voice: Through these three steps of repentance, people can show their willingness to receive the Lord’s salvation and restoration (Leviticus 26:40; Deuteronomy 30:1–5).

• Return: The Lord once spoke to all Israel like a husband to an unfaithful wife. Now, he calls Israel faithless children. The Lord will bring chosen exiles back to the promised land (Jeremiah 31:6, 32; Hosea 2:19–20; Romans 11:5).

• to Zion: This refers to Jerusalem in the land of Israel.

If the people of Israel repented, the Lord wanted to give them more than just the land. He also promised to provide leaders (shepherds) who would guide them with knowledge and understanding (Jeremiah 23:4, 31; Ezekiel 34:11; Acts 20:28; Ephesians 4:11).

When Judah was devastated and Jerusalem was destroyed, the land was almost empty of people. But in the future, the land would be full of people again. The inhabitants would not focus on the past or need the Ark to remind them of God's presence (Jeremiah 23:3; Isaiah 49:19; 65:17).

In the future, Jerusalem will be a global center of worship called The Throne of the Lord, and people from all nations will give up their rebellion (Jeremiah 7:24; Deuteronomy 29:19; Isaiah 60:9).

Judah and Israel would join others traveling to Jerusalem. The Lord would kindly bring them back from exile and settle them in the Promised Land again (Jeremiah 31:8; Isaiah 11:13; Ezekiel 37:16–22; Hosea 1:11; Amos 9:15).

But: this transitional word highlights the difference between what the Lord desired and the real situation. The Lord wanted to treat his people as his precious children, but he could not. The covenant marriage between God and his people was broken by the unfaithful wife. The Lord could not ignore this sin (Isaiah 48:8).

The people, held captive in Assyria, claimed they had repented of their sins. However, their words were insincere, and the Lord rejected their plea. God told his people that if they truly wanted to return to him, they had to abandon the hilltop altars where they worshiped idols and remove all traces of idolatry from their religion.

• The Lord heard the heartfelt prayer of devotion, and the people confirmed their acceptance of the Lord as their God (Jeremiah 31:7; Psalms 38:18; 121:1–2).

• The people confessed to worshiping idols and participating in religious ceremonies. They admitted these actions were misguided (Jeremiah 11:13; 14:20; Hosea 9:10) and recognized that salvation comes only from the Lord. Their ancestors wasted their wealth by sacrificing animals and children to honor Baal.

The Lord remembered his children. From deep within, he called them to return so he could heal them. He wanted to put aside his anger and show his love (Jeremiah 30:17; 33:6; Hosea 6:1; 14:4).