Tyndale Open Study NotesJeremiah 25

The Lord had been patient with Jerusalem's rebellion and refusal to listen, but now it was time for judgment.

One of the first actions of Babylon's King Nebuchadnezzar was to make Judah's King Jehoiakim pledge loyalty to him.

Jeremiah started his ministry in 627 BC.

For many generations, God sent prophets to the people, but they ignored the Lord's warnings.

The Lord asked his people to stop doing evil things that made him angry. If they did, he would not harm them but would give them his promised blessings.

The people ignored the Lord's rules and continued their evil ways by worshiping idols. As a result, the Lord decided to destroy them completely.

• All celebrations, even simple joys like singing and laughter, would stop.

• Millstones...light: After Judah's destruction, no one would be left to work or enjoy its benefits.

seventy years: This is the first time a specific period is assigned to the Exile. The prediction was fulfilled either from 605 BC (the first exile to Babylon) to around 538 BC (when Cyrus allowed the exiles to return to Judea), or from 586 BC (the destruction of the Temple) to 515 BC (the dedication of the Second Temple). Alternatively, the number can be seen as symbolic, representing God's judgment on Jerusalem lasting a perfect lifetime, exactly as God determined.

The Lord used the Babylonians to judge Judah, but they would face consequences for their sins, brutality, and abuse of the defeated. In 539 BC, Cyrus the Persian conquered Babylon, and the people went into captivity. For centuries, many nations and great kings enslaved the Babylonians. The territory did not regain independence until 1932, becoming modern Iraq.

• The Lord is the supreme ruler of all nations, and their rebellion was about to bring judgment.

• To whom I send you: Jeremiah did not travel to each nation in person. The message he delivered from the Lord spread mainly through written material, much of it in the book of Jeremiah, which people have read worldwide.

The Lord gave Jeremiah messages of wrath, symbolized as a cup filled with the wine of the Lord’s anger (Revelation 14:10). Jeremiah was to make the nations drink from it. God wanted them to hear the messages of condemnation and experience the promised judgment.

When they drank from the cup (Jeremiah 25:15), the nations would stagger like they were drunk. The warfare would drive them crazy, making them unable to protect themselves. They would feel hopeless and helpless. In their confusion, they would panic.

So I...made all the nations drink from it: Jeremiah did this by announcing God's judgment.

• Everyone drank from the cup, meaning the leaders heard the words of judgment.

• as they are to this day: Jeremiah likely delivered the Lord’s messages during the siege and fall of Jerusalem, from 588 to 586 BC.

• Many refugees who fled from Judah and nearby countries to Egypt when the Babylonians invaded heard the prophet's message.

• Uz was a region on Arabia's northern border. Ashkelon, Gaza, Ekron, and Ashdod were Philistine cities near the Mediterranean Sea.

The small nations of Edom, Moab, and Ammon were east and southeast of the Dead Sea. The Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon were to the northwest, along the Mediterranean Sea. The regions across the sea were likely the islands of Cyprus and Crete.

Dedan, Tema, Buz, and Zimri were in the desert area east of the Jordan Valley, north of Arabia. Elam and Media, located in the highlands east of Babylon, formed the core of the Persian Empire. This empire conquered Babylon in 539 BC.

These kingdoms had to face the Lord's anger (see study note on Jeremiah 25:15). They could not escape the disaster that would overwhelm them. Jerusalem experienced God's judgment, and the surrounding nations would too.

First, the Lord spoke through Jeremiah about his own land, Judah. Then, Jeremiah delivered God's messages of judgment to everyone on earth.

Disaster...a mighty storm: These words highlight the terrible wars that destroyed many nations in the 500s BC.

• The earth's cruel leaders (shepherds) were harsh rulers of the nations.

• roll in the dust: This is a sign of distress.

destroying their pasture: The nations led by wicked leaders (Jeremiah 25:34) would be destroyed because the Lord would carry out his judgment.

The Lord's judgment would be as terrifying as a strong lion hunting its prey. The nations would be helpless against the Lord's fierce anger.

After this verse, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, called the Septuagint, includes Jeremiah 46–51. These chapters mainly discuss the nations mentioned in Jeremiah 25.