Tyndale Open Study NotesHebrews 3

The author compares Jesus to Moses, presenting Jesus as the ultimate example of faithfulness. Moses was a highly honored leader in Judaism. His respected status is used to show that Jesus is even greater than Moses.

• holy brothers: In ancient times, speakers and writers often called religious groups "brothers" (Greek adelphoi), including both men and women. Many modern translations use "brothers and sisters."

• set your focus on Jesus: Focusing on Jesus helps you stay strong in your faith (Hebrews 2:9; 12:1–2).

• the apostle: This term may emphasize the Son’s role in sharing God’s name and message (2:12; Matt 10:40; Mark 9:37; Luke 10:16).

Jesus was loyal to God and the mission given to him by the Father (Hebrews 5:7–10; 12:1–3; Philippians 2:5–11), just like Moses was (Numbers 12:7). Many Jews in the first century saw Moses as the greatest person in history, even more important than angels.

Jesus deserves more glory for two reasons:

1. A person who builds a house deserves more praise than the house itself. The Messiah is the one who builds God’s house (see 2 Samuel 7:13). This implies that Moses is part of the house (God’s people) that God has built.

2. While Moses was a servant in God’s house, Christ, as the Son, is the heir in charge of God’s entire house. Sons have a higher status than household servants.

We belong to God's house if we act courageously. The author could not fully assure those who were drifting away from Christ and the church. Those who continue in faith can be sure they are part of God's house (see Hebrews 3:14; Romans 8:9, 17; 11:22; 2 Corinthians 13:5; Colossians 1:22–23).

This passage serves as a warning, showing the negative example of those who wandered in the wilderness for forty years and died there. The wilderness wanderings symbolize disobedience to God and its consequences (see Numbers 32:7–11; Deuteronomy 1:19–35; Psalm 106:24–26).

The Israelites rebelled and tested God in places like Massah and Meribah, where water was scarce (Exodus 17:1–7; Numbers 20:2–13). They especially disobeyed at Kadesh by refusing to enter the promised land (Hebrews 3:10; see Numbers 14:1–25; Deuteronomy 1:19–46; Psalm 106).

Even after witnessing the miracles God performed for them, the people of Israel tested God's patience by not trusting him in the wilderness (Numbers 14:11, 22). Their rebellion stemmed from their hearts consistently turning away from God. They did not want to obey God. As a result, God became angry with them.

• Rebellion has consequences.

• God’s anger is not just an emotional reaction. It is his fair and just response to sin (John 3:36; Romans 1:18; 1 Thessalonians 2:16).

• God's promise (see Hebrews 6:13–20; 7:20–22, 28) was that they would never enter Canaan, the land of rest from their travels (Deuteronomy 1:19–46; 3:20; 12:10; Joshua 1:13).

The author of Hebrews points to important words from Psalm 95. These include heart, today, hear, enter, rest, and unbelief. In the ancient world, Bible teachers would cite a passage from the Old Testament and then explain it. They often highlighted key words from the passage, much like preachers do today. This style of explanation was called midrash (a type of Jewish Bible interpretation).

heart of unbelief that turns away from the living God: An evil heart stubbornly resists the Lord because of unbelief, leading a person to turn away from the living God.

The author uses the word "today" from Psalms 95:7 to urge people to remind each other daily about the misleading and toughening effects of sin.

If we stay faithful, we can be sure we belong to God's family (see Hebrews 3:6; Romans 8:9, 17; 11:22; 2 Corinthians 13:5; Colossians 1:22–23).

This verse quotes Psalm 95:7–8, urging readers to listen and respond positively to God's voice. It summarizes the author's message in Hebrews 3:12–14.

These verses use a series of quick questions and answers, a common rhetorical method. The three questions follow the ideas in Psalm 95:8–11: The people of Israel rebelled against God, God was angry, and God swore they would never enter his rest. The answers come from other Old Testament passages about the Israelites' rebellion in the wilderness (Numbers 14; Deuteronomy 9; Psalm 106). The author emphasizes the severe consequences of disobeying God.

In Hebrews and the Old Testament, unbelief and disobedience are closely linked (Numbers 14:11; Deuteronomy 9:23; Psalm 78:22, 32). Because of their disobedience, they could not enter God's rest by entering the land of Canaan (Deuteronomy 3:20; 12:10; Joshua 1:13).