Strong G5590G5590Kψυχή
soul: animal
One of the 5 senses of Strong G5590
- Transliteration
- psuchē
- Pronunciation
- psoo-khay'
- Morphology
- Greek Noun (Feminine)
Definition
From G5594; breath that is (by implication) spirit abstractly or concretely (the animal sentient principle only; thus distinguished on the one hand from G4151 which is the rational and immortal soul; and on the other from G2222 which is mere vitality even of plants: these terms thus exactly correspond respectively to the Hebrew [H5315] [H7307] and [H2416]: - heart (+ -ily) life mind soul + us + you.
Detailed definition
ψυχή, -ῆς, ἡ,
[in LXX very frequently for נֶפֶשׁ, sometimes for לֵבַב,לֵב, etc.;]
1. breath (Lat. anima), breath of life, life (Hom., al.; in Arist., of the vital principle): Mat.6:25, Mrk.3:4 10:45, Luk.12:22, Jhn.10:11, Act.20:10, 24 2Co.1:23, Php.2:30, 1Th.2:8, al.
2. the soul,
__(a) as the seat of the will, desires and affections: Mat.26:38, Mrk.12:30" (LXX) 14:34, Luk.1:46, Jhn.10:24, Act.14:2, Php.1:27, al.; ἐκ ψυχῆς, from the heart, heartily: Eph.6:6, Col.3:23;
__(b) as a periphrasis for person or self (frequently in translation from Semitic originals, see M, Pr., 87; Robinson, Gospels, 113ff.; but also frequently in cl., see LS, see word II, 2; Edwards, Lex., App. A.): Mat.11:29, Mrk.8:36, Act.2:41, Rom.2:9, 1Pe.3:20, al.; πᾶσα ψ., Act.2:43 3:23" (LXX), Rom.13:1; ψ. ζῶσα (ζωῆς), 1Co.15:45, Rev.16:3;
__(with) as the object of divine grace and eternal salvation: Heb.13:17, Jas.1:21 5:20, 1Pe.1:9, 22 2:11 4:19, 3Jo.2.
SYN.: see: νοῦς, πνεῦμα, ψυχικός, and cf. ICC on 1Th.5:23, Lft., Notes, 88f. (AS)
[in LXX very frequently for נֶפֶשׁ, sometimes for לֵבַב,לֵב, etc.;]
1. breath (Lat. anima), breath of life, life (Hom., al.; in Arist., of the vital principle): Mat.6:25, Mrk.3:4 10:45, Luk.12:22, Jhn.10:11, Act.20:10, 24 2Co.1:23, Php.2:30, 1Th.2:8, al.
2. the soul,
__(a) as the seat of the will, desires and affections: Mat.26:38, Mrk.12:30" (LXX) 14:34, Luk.1:46, Jhn.10:24, Act.14:2, Php.1:27, al.; ἐκ ψυχῆς, from the heart, heartily: Eph.6:6, Col.3:23;
__(b) as a periphrasis for person or self (frequently in translation from Semitic originals, see M, Pr., 87; Robinson, Gospels, 113ff.; but also frequently in cl., see LS, see word II, 2; Edwards, Lex., App. A.): Mat.11:29, Mrk.8:36, Act.2:41, Rom.2:9, 1Pe.3:20, al.; πᾶσα ψ., Act.2:43 3:23" (LXX), Rom.13:1; ψ. ζῶσα (ζωῆς), 1Co.15:45, Rev.16:3;
__(with) as the object of divine grace and eternal salvation: Heb.13:17, Jas.1:21 5:20, 1Pe.1:9, 22 2:11 4:19, 3Jo.2.
SYN.: see: νοῦς, πνεῦμα, ψυχικός, and cf. ICC on 1Th.5:23, Lft., Notes, 88f. (AS)
In the Bible
Strong G5590K appears in 1 verse of the KJV.
Translated in the KJV by
- soul1
First verses
- Revelation 16:3And the second angel poured out his vial upon the sea; and it became as the blood of a dead man: and every living soul died in the sea.
Occurrences by book
Related words
Word family
Detailed Greek dictionary
ψῡχ-ή, ἡ,
life, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.296, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών 16.453, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.523; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.334, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 21.154; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.325)]; ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι at hazard of their lives, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.74, 9.255; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.322)]; λίσσου᾽ ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων by your life,[Refs 5th c.BC+ (22.338; so ἀντὶ ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1326: but περὶ ψ.)] to save their life, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.423; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο 22.245; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.161; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 9.37; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 115, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 946, “Heracl.” 984; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.4, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.50; ἁγὼν.. σῆς ψ. πέρι 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1492, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1330, “Or.” 847, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.3.44; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 375 (Lyric poetry); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitum magistro” 1.19)]; ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός] in exchange for life, [NT+7th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 85; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.36; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτο; NT.Mark.8.37. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν 4th-5th c.BC: Simonides Lyricus 52; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις 7th c.BC: Archilochus Lyricus 23; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι 7th c.BC: Tyrtaeus Elegiacus 10.14; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 13.46; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 730; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 1.68; ψυχὰς βαλον [prev. author] “O.” 8.39; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας 5th c.BC: Empedocles Poeta Philosophus 138; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ᾽ ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786)]; τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 775; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (_anapaest meter_); ψ. ἀφήσω 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 1171; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε [prev. author] “Tr.” 1214; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.24)]; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ. satisfaction for the life of [NT+5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus, [prev. author] 2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.6, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.136, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.88; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος LXX.Wis.15. 8, cf. NT.Luke.12.20; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου LXX.1Ki.19.10, cf. NT.Matt.2.20; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων NT.John.10.11, etc.)]; δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ... ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ within an inch of his life, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.3:)] —the phrase ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα taking his life in his hands, is probably falsa lectio in [LXX+4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Xenarchus Comicus 4.20; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος LXX.Psa.118(119).109, cf. LXX.1Ki.19.5, 28.21, +others)]; of life in animals, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.426, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 173, 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.47, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει 5th c.BC: Anaxagoras Philosophus 4, compare 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.5 (compare infr. IV. 1))]; ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει Democrit.278; ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν (of incubation) [LXX+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 172; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς LXX.Gen.1.30)]; ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν[LXX (LXX.Lev.17.11, cf. LXX.Deu.12.23.)]
2 metaphorically of things dear as life, χρήματα γὰρ ψ... βροτοῖσι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 686; πᾶσι δ᾽ ἀνθρώποις ἄρ᾽ ἦν ψ. τέκν᾽ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Andromache” 419; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς 4th c.BC: Timocles Comicus 35)]; so as an endearing name, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Heliodorus Scriptor Eroticus 1.8, +others; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. 1st c.AD: Juvenalis, D. Junius Poeta Latinus 6.195; ψ. μου 1st c.AD: Martialis Epigrammaticus Latinus 10.68.)]
II in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)], departed spirit, ghost (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας.. ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (2nd c.AD: Apollodorus Damascenus Mechanicus Hist. “fragment” 102(a) 1st c.AD: Josephus Historicus); ψ. Πατροκλῆος.. πάντ᾽ αὐτῷ.. ἐϊκυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.65: frequently in 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11, ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος, etc., 387, 467, +others)]; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.104, compare 72, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 24.14; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.100)]; ψυχὰς ἡρώων, opposed to αὐτούς,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (1.3, compare 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 151; ψυχαὶ δ᾽ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.330; ψ. δὲ κατ᾽ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ᾽ ἐπειγομένη 14.518)]; sometimes hardly distinct from signification[Refs (1, ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ᾽ αἰχμήν 16.505)]; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs (5.696)]; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 11.21)]; ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 4.159, compare “N.” 8.44; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ᾽ Ἅιδην 1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 98; πέμψατ᾽ ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 630 (_anapaest meter_); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 676, compare “fragment” 912.9 (_anapaest meter_); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 927b)]; ψ. σοφαί, perhaps 'wise ghosts', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 94; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anonymus cited in 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.236d.)]
III the immaterial and immortal soul, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων.. ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“fragment” 133, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 81b; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.123; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 246a, compare “Phd.” 70c, +others; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται [prev. author] “R.” 608d; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται 5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 14, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400c: hence frequently opposed to σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.3.5, compare “An.” 3.2.20; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου.. πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον [prev. author] “Phdr.” 249b; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407b22; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.19; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει,.. ὁρᾶται δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ αὐτή [prev. author] “Mem.” 4.3.14, compare “Cyr.” 8.7.17)]; αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“IG” 12.945 (5th c.BC))]; ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.AD: Orphica “Fragmenta” 32 f. 1; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Axiochus” 365e.)]
IV the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.39; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ᾽ ἄκαμπτος [prev. author] “I.” 4(3).53(71); ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.16; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.37; opposed to material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.32; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων.. οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 30b, compare 29e)]: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 959a; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος [prev. author] Alcaeus1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.17, compare above 111: sometimes, therefore, distinguished from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 227; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 319 (_anapaest meter_); τί ποτ᾽ ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 173 (_anapaest meter_); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 192c)]; οἴμοι ψυχή woe is me! [LXX (LXX.Mic.7.1)]; καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, “ψυχή, ἔχεις πολλὰ ἀγαθά” [NT (NT.Luke.12.19)]; in periphrases, ψ. Ὀρέστου, ={Ὀρέστης}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1127, +others: but τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις)] his wits, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 55; ἡ δ᾽ ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν [prev. author] “Ant.” 559, compare “OC” 999)]; so ψυχαί absolutely, ={ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα} [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1457 (Lyric poetry))]; ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον many souls perished, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 864; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ LXX.Gen.46.15, cf. LXX.Exo.12.4, +others; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν NT.1Pet.3.20. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 3.61; ὦ μελέα ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 712 (Lyric poetry); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 7.3.8)]; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 496b (compare μεγαλόψυχος))]; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα the creature, [NT+4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 28.2; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ LXX.Num.6.6, 11; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω NT.Rom.13.1, etc.)]: generally, being, ψυχὴ ζῶσα living creature, [LXX (LXX.Gen.1.24, compare 20 (_plural_).)]
IV.2 of various aspects of the self, ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν) enduring heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 1.48; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.14, ἦν ηὰρ.. ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος)] poor-spirited, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 5.124; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 457; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν [prev. author] “Ach.” 393; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.40; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 10.29; ὁ γὰρ᾽ λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 6.2.33, compare “Oec.” 21.3.)]
IV.3 of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 505, compare 527 (Lyric poetry); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.14; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχω; 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 32.12)]; τίν᾽ οἴεσθ᾽ αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδ; how will she feel? [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 28.21)]; μία ψ., proverbial of friends, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1168b7)]; ψ. μία ἤστην probably in [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 841 (assuming variant), compare 5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 297, Theocr. 16.24; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579b; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ᾽ ἐδόκει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.4.)]
IV.4 of the moral and intellectual self, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 2.70; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 176; ἀρκεῖν.. κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ᾽ ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ [prev. author] “OC” 499; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον [prev. author] “fragment” 101; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. [prev. author] “Ph.” 1014; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 20.15, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353e; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.7, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 873a)]; τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν.. διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ the mind conscious of innocence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.93; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι.. ἐσθ᾽ ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμε; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353d; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 15.304; τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα [prev. work]290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.53; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare “Phdr.” 247c, +others; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 903; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1171. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.7.43)]; ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν with all the heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 17.3; βόσκοιτ᾽ ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 8.35; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 3.11.10)]; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν he won't let us call our soul our own, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]
IV.5 of animals, ψ. μεγαλόφρων, of a horse, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitandi ratione” 11.1; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.12)]; ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 101, 4th c.BC: Antiphanes Comicus 5.)]
IV.6 of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.138, compare 7.14; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 60.23; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Poetica” 1450a38)]; also of the spirit of an author, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Lysia” 11.)]
V Philosophical uses:
V.1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (i.e. οἱ πρότεροι) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b11; τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ, of the magnet, [prev. work] 405a20)]; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (i.e. πῦρ) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 36; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα 6th c.BC: Xenophanes Poeta Philosophus cited in 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 9.19)]; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 13; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσα; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 404a25)]; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (i.e. ψυχὴν) εἶναι[Refs ([prev. work] 404a1, compare “Resp.” 472a4.)]
V.2 the spirit of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 34b, compare 30b; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407a3)]; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι[Refs 3rd c.BC+ ([prev. work] 411a8; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.186)]; ψ. [κόσμου] [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.1013e, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 4.40; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 5.1.2; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη [prev. author] 4.4.32)]; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-4th c.BC: Timaeus Locrus Philosophus)]
V.3 In [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus)] the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d, compare “Def.” 411c; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν [prev. author] “Lg.” 896a; μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν [prev. work] b, compare 892c)]; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Phlb.” 30c, compare “Ti.” 30b, “Sph.” 249a; defined by 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος “de An.” 412a20; ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ [prev. work] 412b5)]; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus cited in 5th c.AD: Stobaeus, Joannes 1.49.34, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 439e.ff; in 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριο; “de An.” 413b11, compare “PA” 641b4; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. [prev. author] “de An.” 434a22, +others)]; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 1.38)]; of the scala naturae, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ᾽ ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta” 2.150, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 6.14; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές.. προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 1p.19U.; τέλος.. τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. [prev. author] “Ep.” 3p.64U.)]; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.1.7)]; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.3)]; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.2, compare 4.7.5; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας [prev. author] 3.8.4)]; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς [Refs 5th c.AD+ ([prev. author] 4.4.18; πᾶν σῶμα.. ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. 5th c.AD: Proclus Philosophus “Inst.” 20.)]
VI butterfly or moth, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 551a14, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 2.4.4, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.636c.)]
VI.2 τριπόλιον, Ps.-[Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 4.132.)]
VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.AD(?): Apuleius Scriptor Botanicus “Metam.” books 4-6, Aristophontes cited in Fulg. “Myth.” 3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d - 400a, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b29, 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.222; 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus usage gives little support to the derivation from ψύχω)] 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.696)] means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.467)] means 'she gasped out her spirit', i.e. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, see at {ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο}: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.518, 16.505, where the ψ.)] escapes through a wound; compare ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (see. above 1).))]
life, λύθη ψ. τε μένος τε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.296, etc.; ψ. τεκαὶ αἰών 16.453, compare 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.523; θυμοῦ καὶ ψ. 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 11.334, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 21.154; λαυκανίην, ἵνα τε ψυχῆς ὤκιστος ὄλεθρος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.325)]; ψυχὰς παρθέμενοι at hazard of their lives, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.74, 9.255; αἰεὶ ἐμὴν ψ. παραβαλλόμενος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 9.322)]; λίσσου᾽ ὑπὲρ ψ. καὶ γούνων by your life,[Refs 5th c.BC+ (22.338; so ἀντὶ ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Coloneus” 1326: but περὶ ψ.)] to save their life, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.423; περί τε ψυχέων ἐμάχοντο 22.245; περὶ ψ. θέον Ἕκτορος 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.161; τρέχων περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 9.37; τῆς ἐμῆς περὶ ψ. 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 115, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Helena” 946, “Heracl.” 984; περὶ ψ. κινδυνεύων 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 2.1.4, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 8.50; ἁγὼν.. σῆς ψ. πέρι 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1492, compare 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Phoenissae” 1330, “Or.” 847, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.3.44; τὸν περὶ ψ. δρόμον δραμεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 375 (Lyric poetry); ἀγωνίζεσθαι περὶ τῆς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitum magistro” 1.19)]; ὃ ἂν θέλῃ, ψυχῆς ὠνεῖται [θυμός] in exchange for life, [NT+7th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 85; τῆς ψ. πρίασθαί τι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 3.1.36; τί γὰρ δοῖ ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψ. αὐτο; NT.Mark.8.37. In early poets: ψυχὰν ἀποπνεῖν 4th-5th c.BC: Simonides Lyricus 52; ψυχὰς ἔχοντες κυμάτων ἐν ἀγκάλαις 7th c.BC: Archilochus Lyricus 23; ψυχέων φειδόμενοι 7th c.BC: Tyrtaeus Elegiacus 10.14; θειδωλὴν ψ. θέμενος 6th c.BC: Solon Lyricus 13.46; ψυχῆς εἵνεκα καὶ βιότου 6th c.BC: Theognis Elegiacus 730; ψυχὰν Ἀΐδᾳ τελέων 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “I.” 1.68; ψυχὰς βαλον [prev. author] “O.” 8.39; χαλκῷ ἀπὸ ψυχὴν ἀρύσας 5th c.BC: Empedocles Poeta Philosophus 138; τοὐμὸν ἐκπίνουσ᾽ ἀεὶ ψυχῆς ἄκρατον αἷμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786)]; τῆς ἐμῆς ψ. γεγώς[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 775; τὴν ψ. ἐκπίνουσιν 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (_anapaest meter_); ψ. ἀφήσω 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 1171; ψ. σέθεν ἔκτεινε [prev. author] “Tr.” 1214; ψ. παραιτέεσθαι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 1.24)]; ποινὴν τῆς Αἰσώπου ψ. satisfaction for the life of [NT+5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus, [prev. author] 2.134; ψυχῆς ἀποστερῆσαί τινα 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.6, compare 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.136, etc.; τὴν ψ. ἢ τὴν οὐσίαν ἢ τὴν ἐπιτιμίαν τινὸς ἀφελόμενος 4th c.BC: Aeschines Orator 2.88; τὸ τῆς ψ. ἀπαιτηθεὶς χρέος LXX.Wis.15. 8, cf. NT.Luke.12.20; ζητοῦσι τὴν ψ. μου LXX.1Ki.19.10, cf. NT.Matt.2.20; τὴν ψ. αὐτοῦ τίθησιν ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων NT.John.10.11, etc.)]; δεῖρον ἄχρις ἡ ψ... ἐπὶ χειλέων λειφθῇ within an inch of his life, [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.3:)] —the phrase ἐν τῇ χειρὶ τὴν ψ. ἔχοντα taking his life in his hands, is probably falsa lectio in [LXX+4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Xenarchus Comicus 4.20; ἡ ψ. μου ἐν ταῖς χερσί [σου] διὰ πάντος LXX.Psa.118(119).109, cf. LXX.1Ki.19.5, 28.21, +others)]; of life in animals, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 14.426, 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 173, 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 1.47, etc.; τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα, ὅσα ψ. ἔχει 5th c.BC: Anaxagoras Philosophus 4, compare 12; πάντων τῶν ζῴων ἡ ψ. τὸ αὐτό, ἀήρ 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.5 (compare infr. IV. 1))]; ἡ φύσις τοιαύτη πάντων ὅσσα ψ. ἔχει Democrit.278; ἐπῴζει καὶ ποιεῖ ψ. ἔχειν (of incubation) [LXX+5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 172; [ἑρπετὸν] ὃ ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ ψ. ζωῆς LXX.Gen.1.30)]; ἡ ψ. πάσης σαρκὸς αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐστιν[LXX (LXX.Lev.17.11, cf. LXX.Deu.12.23.)]
2 metaphorically of things dear as life, χρήματα γὰρ ψ... βροτοῖσι [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Opera et Dies” 686; πᾶσι δ᾽ ἀνθρώποις ἄρ᾽ ἦν ψ. τέκν᾽ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Andromache” 419; τἀργύριόν ἐστιν αἷμα καὶ ψ. βροτοῖς 4th c.BC: Timocles Comicus 35)]; so as an endearing name, [Refs 1st c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Heliodorus Scriptor Eroticus 1.8, +others; ζωὴ καὶ ψ. 1st c.AD: Juvenalis, D. Junius Poeta Latinus 6.195; ψ. μου 1st c.AD: Martialis Epigrammaticus Latinus 10.68.)]
II in [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus)], departed spirit, ghost (ὑποτίθεται [Ὅμηρος] τὰς ψ. τοῖς εἰδώλοις τοῖς ἐν τοῖς κατόπτροις φαινομένοις ὁμοίας.. ἃ καθάπαξ ἡμῖν ἐξείκασται καὶ τὰς κινήσεις μιμεῖται, στερεμνιώδη δὲ ὑπόστασιν οὐδεμίαν ἔχει εἰς ἀντίληψιν καὶ ἁφήν [Refs 8th c.BC+ (2nd c.AD: Apollodorus Damascenus Mechanicus Hist. “fragment” 102(a) 1st c.AD: Josephus Historicus); ψ. Πατροκλῆος.. πάντ᾽ αὐτῷ.. ἐϊκυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.65: frequently in 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 11, ψ. Ἀγαμέμνονος, Ἀχιλῆος, etc., 387, 467, +others)]; ψ. καὶ εἴδωλον [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.104, compare 72, 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 24.14; ψ. κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο τετριγυῖα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 23.100)]; ψυχὰς ἡρώων, opposed to αὐτούς,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (1.3, compare 8th-7th c.BC: Hesiodus Epicus “Scutum Herculis” 151; ψυχαὶ δ᾽ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 7.330; ψ. δὲ κατ᾽ οὐταμένην ὠτειλὴν ἔσσυτ᾽ ἐπειγομένη 14.518)]; sometimes hardly distinct from signification[Refs (1, ἅμα ψ. τε καὶ ἔγχεος ἐξέρυσ᾽ αἰχμήν 16.505)]; in swoons it leaves the body, τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs (5.696)]; so in later writers (seldom in Trag.), σὺν Ἀγαμεμνονίᾳ ψυχᾷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 11.21)]; ἑὰν ψυχὰν κομίξαι[Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. work] 4.159, compare “N.” 8.44; αἱ ψ. ὀσμῶνται καθ᾽ Ἅιδην 1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 98; πέμψατ᾽ ἔνερθεν ψυχὴν ἐς φῶς 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 630 (_anapaest meter_); ποτωμένην ψ. ὑπὲρ σοῦ 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Orestes” 676, compare “fragment” 912.9 (_anapaest meter_); τὰς τῶν κεκμηκότων ψ., αἷς ἐστιν ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν αὑτῶν ἐκγόνων κήδεσθαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 927b)]; ψ. σοφαί, perhaps 'wise ghosts', [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 94; δὶς ἀποθανουμένη ψ. Anonymus cited in 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.236d.)]
III the immaterial and immortal soul, first in Pindar, ἐς τὸν ὕπερθεν ἅλιον κείνων.. ἀνδιδοῖ [Φερσεφόνα] ψυχὰς πάλιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“fragment” 133, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 81b; εἰπόντες ὡς ἀνθρώπου ψ. ἀθάνατός ἐστι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.123; ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedrus” 246a, compare “Phd.” 70c, +others; ἀθάνατος ἡμῶν ἡ ψ. καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπόλλυται [prev. author] “R.” 608d; ἁψ. τῷ σώματι συνέζευκται καὶ καθάπερ ἐν σάματι τέθαπται 5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 14, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400c: hence frequently opposed to σῶμα, ψ. καὶ σῶμα 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.3.5, compare “An.” 3.2.20; ψ. ἢ σῶμα ἢ συναμφότερον, τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus Alcaeus1.130a; εἰς θηρίου βίον ἀνθρωπίνη ψ. ἀφικνεῖται καὶ ἐκ θηρίου.. πάλιν εἰς ἄνθρωπον [prev. author] “Phdr.” 249b; κατὰ τοὺς Πυθαγορικοὺς μύθους τὴν τυχοῦσαν ψ. εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ἐνδύεσθαι σῶμα 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407b22; οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐπείσθην, ὡς ἡ ψ., ἕως μὲν ἂν ἐν θνητῷ σώματι ᾖ, ζῇ, ὅταν δὲ τούτου ἀπαλλαγῇ, τέθνηκεν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.19; ἀνθρώπου γε ψ., ἣ τοῦ θείου μετέχει,.. ὁρᾶται δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ αὐτή [prev. author] “Mem.” 4.3.14, compare “Cyr.” 8.7.17)]; αἰθὴρ μὲμ ψυχὰς ὑπεδέξατο, σώ[ματα δὲ χθών] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (“IG” 12.945 (5th c.BC))]; ὁπόταμ ψ. προλίπῃ φάος ἀελίοιο [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.AD: Orphica “Fragmenta” 32 f. 1; ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν ψ., ζῷον ἀθάνατον ἐν θνητῷ καθειργμένον φρουρίῳ 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Axiochus” 365e.)]
IV the conscious self or personality as centre of emotions, desires, and affections, χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δυνατοί [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.39; μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ᾽ ἄκαμπτος [prev. author] “I.” 4(3).53(71); ἐνίους τῶν καλῶν τὰς μορφὰς μοχθηροὺς ὄντας τὰς ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.16; θνητοῦ σώματος ἔτυχες, πειρῶ τῆς ψ. ἀθάνατον μνήμην καταλιπεῖν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.37; opposed to material blessings, κτεάνων ψ. ἔχοντες κρέσσονας 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “N.” 9.32; μήτε σωμάτων ἐπιμελεῖσθαι μήτε χρημάτων.. οὕτω σφόδρα ὡς τῆς ψ. ὅπως ὡς ἀρίστη ἔσται 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 30b, compare 29e)]: hence regarded in abstraction, τὸ παρεχόμενον ἡμῶν ἕκαστον τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι μηδὲν ἀλλ᾽ ἢ τὴν ψ., τὸ δὲ σῶμα ἰνδαλλόμενον ἡμῶν ἑκάστοις ἕπεσθαι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 959a; ἡ ψ. ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος [prev. author] Alcaeus1.130c; οὐδὲ νῦν τήν γ ἐμὴν ψ. ἑωρᾶτε 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.17, compare above 111: sometimes, therefore, distinguished from oneself, ψ. γὰρ ηὔδα πολλά μοι μυθουμένη 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 227; ἡ ψ. μου πεπότηται 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 319 (_anapaest meter_); τί ποτ᾽ ἔστι μαθεῖν ἔραται ψ. 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 173 (_anapaest meter_); ἄλλο τι βουλομένη ἑκατέρου ἡ ψ. δήλη ἐστίν 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Symposium” 192c)]; οἴμοι ψυχή woe is me! [LXX (LXX.Mic.7.1)]; καὶ ἐρῶ τῇ ψ. μου, “ψυχή, ἔχεις πολλὰ ἀγαθά” [NT (NT.Luke.12.19)]; in periphrases, ψ. Ὀρέστου, ={Ὀρέστης}, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 1127, +others: but τὴν Φιλοκτήτου ψ. ἐκκλέψεις)] his wits, [Refs ([prev. author] “Ph.” 55; ἡ δ᾽ ἐμὴ ψ. τέθνηκεν [prev. author] “Ant.” 559, compare “OC” 999)]; so ψυχαί absolutely, ={ἄνθρωποι, ψ. ὀλέσασα} [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Agamemnon” 1457 (Lyric poetry))]; ψ. πολλαὶ ἔθανον many souls perished, [NT+5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Thesmophoriazusae” 864; πᾶσαι αἱ ψ., υἱοὶ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες λ γ LXX.Gen.46.15, cf. LXX.Exo.12.4, +others; [κιβωτὸς] εἰς ἣν ὀλίγοι, τοῦτ᾽ ἔστιν ὀκτὼ ψ., διεσώθησαν NT.1Pet.3.20. In apostrophe, μή, φίλα ψ. 5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 3.61; ὦ μελέα ψ. 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Philoctetes” 712 (Lyric poetry); ὦ ἀγαθὴ καὶ πιστὴ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 7.3.8)]; in referring to persons, ὅταν μεγάλη ψ. φυῇ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 496b (compare μεγαλόψυχος))]; καλεῖται γοῦν ἡ ψ. Κρινοκοράκα the creature, [NT+4th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 28.2; πάσῃ ψ. τετελευτηκυίᾳ LXX.Num.6.6, 11; πᾶσα ψ. ὑποτασσέσθω NT.Rom.13.1, etc.)]: generally, being, ψυχὴ ζῶσα living creature, [LXX (LXX.Gen.1.24, compare 20 (_plural_).)]
IV.2 of various aspects of the self, ἐν πολέμοιο μάχαις τλάμονι ψ. παρέμειν) enduring heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “P.” 1.48; διεπειρᾶτο αὐτοῦ τῆς ψ. 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 3.14, ἦν ηὰρ.. ψυχὴν οὐκ ἄκρος)] poor-spirited, [Refs 5th c.BC+ ([prev. author] 5.124; ψυχὴν ἄριστε πάντων 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Equites” 457; καρτερὰν ψ. λαβεῖν [prev. author] “Ach.” 393; κράτιστοι ἂν τὴν ψ. κριθεῖεν 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 2.40; τοῖς σώμασι δύνανται τὰς δὲ ψ. οὐκ ἔχουσιν 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 10.29; ὁ γὰρ᾽ λόγχην ἀκονῶν καὶ τὴν ψ. τι παρακονᾷ 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 6.2.33, compare “Oec.” 21.3.)]
IV.3 of the emotional self, ὑπείργασμαι μὲν εὖ ψυχὴν ἔρωτι [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Hippolytus” 505, compare 527 (Lyric poetry); πάνυ μου ἡ ψ. ἐπεθύμει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 6.14; τίνα ποτὲ ψ. ἔχω; 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 32.12)]; τίν᾽ οἴεσθ᾽ αὐτὴν ψ. ἕξειν, ὅταν ἐμὲ ῒδ; how will she feel? [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 28.21)]; μία ψ., proverbial of friends, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Ethica Nicomachea” 1168b7)]; ψ. μία ἤστην probably in [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]; of appetite, ψυχῇ διδόντες ἡδονήν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Persae” 841 (assuming variant), compare 5th c.BC: Epicharmus Comicus 297, Theocr. 16.24; λίχνῳ δὲ ὄντι τὴν ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 579b; τῷ δὲ ἡ ψ. σῖτον μὲν οὐ προσίετο, διψῆν δ᾽ ἐδόκει 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.7.4.)]
IV.4 of the moral and intellectual self, ἀπὸ πάμπαν ἀδίκων ἔχειν ψ. [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Pindarus Lyricus “O.” 2.70; ψ. τε καὶ φρόνημα καὶ γνώμην 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 176; ἀρκεῖν.. κἀντὶ μυρίων μίαν ψ. τάδ᾽ ἐκτίνουσαν, ἢν εὔνους παρῇ [prev. author] “OC” 499; ψ. γὰρ εὔνους καὶ φρονοῦσα τοὔνδικον [prev. author] “fragment” 101; ἡ κακὴ σὴ ψ. [prev. author] “Ph.” 1014; ψυχῆς κατήγορος κακῆς 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Oeconomicus” 20.15, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353e; ἡ βουλεύσασα ψ. 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 4.1.7, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Leges” 873a)]; τὸ σῶμα ἀπειρηκὸς ἡ ψ. συνεξέσωσεν.. διὰ τὸ μὴ ξυνειδέναι ἑαυτῇ the mind conscious of innocence, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.93; τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν καὶ βουλεύεσθαι.. ἐσθ᾽ ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ ἢ ψυχῇ δικαίως ἂν ἀποδοῖμε; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 353d; τὴν τῆς ψ. ἐπιμέλειαν 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.4, 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 15.304; τὰ ἐν τῇ ψ. διὰ τὴν παιδείαν ἐγγιγνόμενα [prev. work]290; τῆς ψ. ἐξελθούσης, ἐν ᾗ μόνῃ γίγνεται φρόνησις 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 1.2.53; νοῦς τε καὶ ψ. 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare “Phdr.” 247c, +others; ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ σύνηθες ὄμμα 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 903; ἰδὼν μὲν γνούς τε σῇ ψ., τέκνον 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Troades” 1171. Phrases:— ἐκ τῆς ψ. φίλος 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 7.7.43)]; ἀπὸ τῆς ψ. φιλεῖν with all the heart, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Characteres” 17.3; βόσκοιτ᾽ ἐκ ψυχᾶς τὰς ἀμνάδας 3rd c.BC: Theocritus Poeta Bucolicus 8.35; ὅλῃ τῇ ψ. κεχαρίσθαι τινί 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Memorabilia” 3.11.10)]; οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ ψυχῆς λαχεῖν he won't let us call our soul our own, [Refs 2nd c.AD+ (2nd c.AD: Phrynichus Atticista “Praeparatio Sophistica” p.128B.)]
IV.5 of animals, ψ. μεγαλόφρων, of a horse, [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitandi ratione” 11.1; θηρίων ψ. ἡμεροῦμεν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 2.12)]; ψ. χηνός, ὀρτυγίου, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Eubulus Comicus 101, 4th c.BC: Antiphanes Comicus 5.)]
IV.6 of inanimate things, πᾶσα πολιτεία ψ. πόλεώς ἐστιν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 12.138, compare 7.14; ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἦν ψ. 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 60.23; οἷον ψ. ὁ μῦθος τῆς τραγῳδίας 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Poetica” 1450a38)]; also of the spirit of an author, [Refs 1st c.BC+ (1st c.BC: Dionysius Halicarnassensis “de Lysia” 11.)]
V Philosophical uses:
V.1 In the early physicists, of the primary substance, the source of life and consciousness, ὁρίζονται πάντες (i.e. οἱ πρότεροι) τὴν ψ. τρισίν, κινήσει, αἰσθήσει, τῷ ἀσωμάτῳ [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b11; τὸν λίθον ἔφη [Θαλῆς] ψ. ἔχειν ὅτι τὸν σίδηρον κινεῖ, of the magnet, [prev. work] 405a20)]; ψυχῇσιν θάνατος ὕδωρ γενέσθαι, ὕδατι δὲ θάνατος γῆν γενέσθαι, ἐκ γῆς δὲ ὕδωρ γίνεται, ἐξ ὕδατος δὲ ψ. (i.e. πῦρ) [Refs 6th c.BC+ (1st c.AD(?): Heraclitus 36; ἡ ψ. πνεῦμα 6th c.BC: Xenophanes Poeta Philosophus cited in 3rd c.AD(?): Diogenes Laertius 9.19)]; καρδία ψυχῆς καὶ αἰσθήσιος [ἀρχά] [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Philolaus Philosophus 13; τοῦτο [ἀὴρ] αὐτοῖς καὶ ψ. ἐστι καὶ νόησις 4th c.BC: Diogenes Cynicus Philosophus Apoll.4; τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων φύσιν οὐ πιστεύεις Ἀναξαγόρᾳ νοῦν καὶ ψ. εἶναι τὴν διακοσμοῦσα; 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 400a, compare 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 404a25)]; Δημόκριτος πῦρ τι καὶ θερμόν θησιν αὐτὴν (i.e. ψυχὴν) εἶναι[Refs ([prev. work] 404a1, compare “Resp.” 472a4.)]
V.2 the spirit of the universe, ψ. εἰς τὸ μέσον [τοῦ κόσμου] θείς [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Timaeus” 34b, compare 30b; τὴν τοῦ παντὸς δῆλον ὅτι τοιαύτην εἶναι βούλεται [ὁ Τίμαιος] οἷόν ποτ᾽ ἐστὶν ὁ καλούμενος νοῦς 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 407a3)]; ἐν τῷ ὅλῳ τινὲς [τὴν ψ.] μεμεῖχθαί φασιν, ὅθεν ἴσως καὶ Θαλῆς ᾠήθη πάντα πλήρη θεῶν εἶναι[Refs 3rd c.BC+ ([prev. work] 411a8; ὁ κόσμος ψ. ἐστὶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἡγεμονικόν 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.186)]; ψ. [κόσμου] [Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.1013e, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 4.40; ψ. ἐλθοῦσα εἰς σῶμα οὐρανοῦ 3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 5.1.2; τόδε τὸ πᾶν ψ. μίαν ἔχον εἰς πάντα αὐτοῦ μέρη [prev. author] 4.4.32)]; περὶ ψυχᾶς κόσμου καὶ φύσιος, title of work by [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-4th c.BC: Timaeus Locrus Philosophus)]
V.3 In [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus)] the immaterial principle of movement and life, ὅταν παρῇ [ψυχὴ] τῷ σώματι, αἴτιόν ἐστι τοῦ ζῆν αὐτῷ [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d, compare “Def.” 411c; [ψυχῆς λόγον ἔχομεν] τὴν δυναμένην αὐτὴν αὑτὴν κινεῖν κίνησιν [prev. author] “Lg.” 896a; μεταβολῆς τε καὶ κινήσεως ἁπάσης αἰτία [ἡ ψ.] ἅπασιν [prev. work] b, compare 892c)]; its presence is requisite for thought, σοφία καὶ νοῦς ἄνευ ψ. οὐκ ἂν γενοίσθην [Refs 4th c.BC+ ([prev. author] “Phlb.” 30c, compare “Ti.” 30b, “Sph.” 249a; defined by 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus as οὐσία ὡς εἶδος σώματος φυσικοῦ δυνάμει ζωὴν ἔχοντος “de An.” 412a20; ἐντελέχεια ἡ πρώτη σώματος φυσικοῦ ὀργανικοῦ [prev. work] 412b5)]; the tripartite division of ψ., οἱ δὲ περὶ Πλάτωνα καὶ Ἀρχύτας καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ψ. τριμερῆ ἀποφαίνονται, διαιροῦντες εἰς λογισμὸν καὶ θυμὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμίαν [Refs 5th c.BC+ (4th c.AD: Iamblichus Philosophus cited in 5th c.AD: Stobaeus, Joannes 1.49.34, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Respublica” 439e.ff; in 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus ἡ ψ. τούτοις ὥρισται, θρεπτικῷ, αἰσθητικῷ, διανοητικῷ, κινήσει· πότερον δὲ τοὔτων ἕκαστόν ἐστι ψ. ἢ ψυχῆς μόριο; “de An.” 413b11, compare “PA” 641b4; ἡ θρεπτικὴ ψ. [prev. author] “de An.” 434a22, +others)]; in the Stoics and Epicureans, σῶμα ἡ ψ. Zeno and [Refs 3rd c.BC+ (3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 1.38)]; of the scala naturae, τὰ μὲν ἕξει διοικεῖται, τὰ δὲ φύσει, τὰ δ᾽ ἀλόγῳ ψ., τὰ δὲ καὶ λόγον ἐχούσῃ καὶ διάνοιαν [Refs 4th c.BC+ (“Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta” 2.150, compare 2nd c.AD: Marcus Antoninus Imperator 6.14; ἡ ψ. σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές.. προσεμφερέστατον πνεύματι θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν ἔχοντι 4th-3rd c.BC: Epicurus Philosophus “Epistulae” 1p.19U.; τέλος.. τὸ μήτε ἀλγεῖν κατὰ σῶμα μήτε ταράττεσθαι κατὰ ψ. [prev. author] “Ep.” 3p.64U.)]; in the Neo-Platonists characterized by discursive thinking, τοὺς λογισμοὺς ψυχῆς εἶναι ἐνεργήματα [Refs 3rd c.AD+ (3rd c.AD: Plotinus Philosophus 1.1.7)]; related to νοῦς as image to archetype, εἰκών τίς ἐστι νοῦ [ψ.] [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.3)]; present in entirety in every part, πάρεστι πᾶσα πανταχοῦ ψ. [Refs ([prev. author] 5.1.2, compare 4.7.5; φύσις ψ. οὖσα, γέννημα ψυχῆς προτέρας [prev. author] 3.8.4)]; animal and vegetable bodies possess οἷον σκιὰν ψυχῆς [Refs 5th c.AD+ ([prev. author] 4.4.18; πᾶν σῶμα.. ψυχῆς μετουσίᾳ κινεῖται ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ζῇ διὰ ψ. 5th c.AD: Proclus Philosophus “Inst.” 20.)]
VI butterfly or moth, [Refs 4th c.BC+ (4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “Historia Animalium” 551a14, 4th-3rd c.BC: Theophrastus Philosophus “Historia Plantarum” 2.4.4, 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus 2.636c.)]
VI.2 τριπόλιον, Ps.-[Refs 1st c.AD+ (1st c.AD: Dioscorides (Dioscurides) Medicus 4.132.)]
VII Psyche, in the allegory of Psyche and Eros, [Refs 8th c.BC+ (4th c.AD(?): Apuleius Scriptor Botanicus “Metam.” books 4-6, Aristophontes cited in Fulg. “Myth.” 3.6. (See ancient speculations on the derivation, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 399d - 400a, 4th c.BC: Aristoteles Philosophus “de Anima” 405b29, 3rd c.BC: Chrysippus Stoicus 2.222; 8th c.BC: Homerus Epicus usage gives little support to the derivation from ψύχω)] 'blow, breathe'; τὸν δὲ λίπε ψ. [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 5.696)] means 'his spirit left his body', and so λειποψυχέω means 'swoon', not 'become breathless'; ἀπὸ δὲ ψ. ἐκάπυσσε [Refs 8th c.BC+ (8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 22.467)] means 'she gasped out her spirit', i.e. 'swooned'; the resemblance of ἄμπνυτο 'recovered consciousness' to ἀμπνέω 'recover breath' is deceptive, see at {ἄμπνυτο, ἔμπνυτο}: when concrete the Homeric ψ. is rather warm blood than breath,[Refs 8th c.BC+ (compare 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.518, 16.505, where the ψ.)] escapes through a wound; compare ψυχοπότης, ψυχορροφέω, and [Refs 5th c.BC+ (5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Electra” 786, 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Nubes” 712 (see. above 1).))]