Rashi on TanakhNumbers 28

Command Bnei Yisroel. What is stated above? ”May God command. . .” The Holy One, Blessed is He, said to him, ‘Before you command Me concerning My children, command My children concerning Me.’ This is comparable to a princess who was passing from the world. She instructed her husband concerning her children, etc., as is stated in Sifri.

My offering. This refers to the blood.

My bread. This refers to the “emurin” parts, as it is said, “The kohein shall burn them on the altar, bread of the fire.”

Of My fires. to be placed on the fires of My altar.

You shall be vigilant. The kohanim, Levites and Bnei Yisroel shall stand over it. They learned from here, and instituted the “ma’amados” units.

At its prescribed time. Every day is the time prescribed for the constant-offerings.

Say to them. This is an admonishment to the Bais Din.

Two each day. Like the plain interpretation, but essentially, it teaches that they should be slaughtered towards the sun, the constant morning sacrifice to the west, and that of the afternoon to the east of the rings.

One lamb. Although it is already stated in the parasha of “You shall command” — “this is what you shall offer,” — those instructions were for the days of inauguration, whereas here, the commandment is for all the generations.

Fine flour as a meal-offering. The libation minchah.

As offered on Mount Sinai. Like those which were done during the days of inauguration. Another interpretation [of] which was done at Mount Sinai: The constant burnt-offering is compared to the burnt-offering at Mount Sinai — the one brought before the giving of the Torah — of which Scripture states “. . .and [he] placed it in the basins.” This teaches that it (the constant-offering) requires a vessel.

Its libation. Wine.

In the Holy [Sanctuary], you shall pour. They shall be poured on the altar.

An intoxicating libation. Intoxicating wine. This excludes wine, fresh from the wine press.

A pleasing aroma. It pleases Me that I spoke and My wish was fulfilled.

This is the burnt-offering on its Shabbos. But not one Shabbos burnt-offering on another Shabbos. Suppose it was not offered on this Shabbos, I might think that two should be offered on the following Shabbos. The Torah therefore teaches “on its Shabbos.” This informs us that once its day has passed, the offering expires.

In addition to the constant (daily) burnt-offering. This refers to the musaf sacrifices, aside from the two constant burnt-offering lambs. This teaches that they (the musaf sacrifices) may be brought only between the two constant-offerings. Similarly, concerning all the musaf sacrifices it is said, “in addition to the constant burnt-offering,” for this teaching.

Three tenths [of an eiphah]. As specified for the libations of a bull, designated as such in the chapter of the libations.

This is the burnt-offering of each [Rosh] Chodesh, at its renewal. But once its designated day has passed, the offering expires, with no provision for restitution.

And one he-goat, etc. All the musaf goats came in atonement for the ritual defilement of the Sanctuary and its sacred objects, everything as explained in Tractate Shevuos. There is a distinction with the New Moon goat, for it is said, concerning it, “. . .to God.” This teaches you that it atones for someone who was not cognizant either at the beginning or the end, as no one recognizes the transgression save for the Holy One, Blessed is He, alone. The other goats are derived from this one. This is also expounded aggadically [as follows]: The Holy One, Blessed is He, said: ‘Bring atonement for Me, because I diminished the moon.’

In addition to the constant (daily) burnt-offering, it shall be done. This entire offering.

And its libation. ”Its libation” does not relate to the goat, as a sin-offering has no libation.

Any work of consequence. Even work necessary for you, for example, to prevent a loss, which is permitted during the intermediary holiday, is prohibited during the festival.

Bulls. Corresponding with Avraham, as it is said, “Avraham ran to the cattle.”

Ram. Corresponding with the ram of Yitzchok.

Sheep. Corresponding with Yaakov, as it is said, “Yaakov separated the lambs.” I saw this in R’ Moshe Hadarshan’s commentary.

Like these, yoshall make daily. They should not be progressively decreasing like the oxen of the [Succos] festival.

On the day of the first fruits. The Shavuos festival is called “[The festival of] the first fruits of the wheat harvest,” because of the offering of the two loaves, which are the first of the wheat minchah-offerings to come from the new crop.

[The sacrifices] shall be without blemish — and their libations. The libations must also be unblemished. The Rabbis derive from this that wine in which floury decay globules have surfaced is disqualified for libations.