Rashi on TanakhExodus 11

Completely. [Onkelos translates כָּלָה as:] גְמִירָא — completely [having the same meaning as] כָּלִיל [Here, meaning] “He will send you all away.”

Speak, please נָא can only indicate pleading. [i.e.,] “I ask of you, speak to them about this, so that that righteous person, Avraham, may not say, [The promise of] ‘They will enslave them and oppress them’ He fulfilled in them, [but the promise:] ‘And afterwards they will leave with great wealth,’ He did not fulfill in them.”

Moshe said, “This is what Adonoy has said.” While still standing before Pharaoh this prophecy was told to him because once he left his (Pharaoh’s) presence he did not see his face ever again.

About the time of midnight. [כַּחֲצֹת לַיְלָה lit. means:] when the night is divided. כַּחֲצוֹת being the same form as בַּעֲלוֹת ( When [it] went up) or (בַּחֲרוֹת) when they became angry at us. This is its (כַּחֲצֹת לַיְלָה) plain meaning so that it fits within its context, for חֲצוֹת is not the noun of חֵצִי . Our Sages [however] explained it (כַּחֲצוֹת לַיְלָה) as: about the time of midnight. And they [go on to] say that Moshe used the word כַּחֲצוֹת which implies at about [midnight], either [slightly] before or after, and he did not say בַּחֲצוֹת (at midnight) lest Pharaoh’s stargazers make a mistake and say, “Moshe is a liar!” But God who knows His [exact] times and moments, [actually] said, “At midnight.”

To the first-born of the captive. Why were the captives struck down? So that the captives should not say, their own god demanded [vengeance for] their humiliation and brought retribution upon the Egyptians.

From the first-born of Pharaoh to the first-born of the slave girl. All those less [important] than the first-born of Pharaoh and more [important] than the first-born of the slave girl are included [in this description]. Why were the first-born of the slave girls struck? Because they too enslaved them (the Israelites) and rejoiced in their (the Israelites’) oppression.

And every first-born animal. Because they (the Egyptians) worshipped it. When God punishes an idol worshipping nation He punishes its gods [first].

A dog will not sharpen its tongue. I say that [יֶחֱרַץ] is a term meaning sharp. Similarly “לֹא חָרַץ his tongue towards any man of the B’nei Yisroel.” [לֹא חָרַץ meaning:] He did not sharpen. [or:] אָז תֶּחֶרֳץ — “Then you will utter a sharp sound. [or:] לְמוֹרַג חָרוּץ — “A sharp thresher.” [or:] “מַחְשְׁבוֹת חָרוּץ” — “The thoughts of a sharp one” [חָרוּץ meaning:] a sharp and clever person. [or:] “You bring wealth to the hand of the חָרוּצִים” [חָרוּצִים meaning:] the clever ones — sharp merchants.

That Adonoy distinguishes. [יַפְלֶה means] He will make a distinction.

Then all your servants will come down [Moshe] showed respect to royalty [by using this phrase]. For ultimately Pharaoh himself came down to him at night and said: “Arise! get out from among my people!” though Moshe [out of respect] had not initially said, “You will come down and bow to me.”

That follow you. [Meaning:] those who follow your advice and ways.

Then I will go out — together with all the people from your land.”

He then left Pharaoh. [But only after] concluding his words did he (Moshe) leave his presence.

In great anger. Because he (Pharaoh) had said to him, “Do not see my face again!” (v. 28).

Thus I will multiply My wonders. The word מוֹפְתַי [in the plural] represents two [wonders]. רְבוֹת — increase represents a third [wonder]: 1. the killing of the first-born, 2. the splitting of the Reed Sea, and 3. the turbulent stirring of the Egyptians.

Moshe and Aharon had done, etc. This has already been written for us regarding all the wonders, and is repeated here only as a lead-in to the section that follows it.